How the Representations of Women Differ in Mens Magazines...

How the Representations of Women Differ in Mens Magazines Compared to Womens Magazines Hypothesis; Due to the changing roles of women, the media should reflect this in their representations. My intention is to find if there is a difference in the way women are portrayed in men’s magazines and women’s magazines. I would expect that men’s magazines would be more stereotypical of women (sex objects, domestic, vulnerable) whereas woman’s magazines would be more feminist (women power, independence). My first concept is Angela McRobbie’s pluralist idea of target audience demands (advertisement attraction due to audience demands). My second concept is Marjorie Ferguson’s cult of femininity†¦show more content†¦While Ferguson claims that it is only men that are instructed in this way, a similar approach is now being applied to men. However, this does not suggest there is an increasing equality in representations of gender roles; rather the magazines aimed at men simply increases gender stereotyping. These studies are relevant to mine because they show how women are portrayed in women’s magazines. Women don’t want to see other women as sex objects but as successful and guided on how they can be successful too. Articles such as ‘how to get a man’ and ‘how to get a body like Angelina Jolie’ help them to achieve this consumer cult of femininity. The target audience dictates what they want in their magazines, if they don’t like the content they won’t buy it. The advertisements reflect the consumer culture of the target audience – women like to know what products to buy to give them a sense of belonging. Men’s magazines differ in the fact that they don’t like being told how to act, how to style their hair, or what clothes to wear to be in fashion. Men like magazines that feature attractive women posing half naked in promiscuous positions, and the latest video games with strongmen working their way through levels of violence and destruction to rescue the damsel in distress. They are produced by men for men; so they reflect what men portray as important (and how theyShow MoreRelatedGender Roles Are A Conception Of Femininity And Masculinity Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in Advertisements Gender roles are a conception of femininity and masculinity. The gender roles for men and women in society are partially constituted of individual thinking. These conceptions and gender roles are not completely biological but also social and cultural. Women are earning advanced degrees and are entering careers which have been traditionally dominated by men. But women are still depicted as images of beauty and sexuality in movies, video games and advertisements. This paperRead More Fashion Magazines and Body Image Essay5340 Words   |  22 PagesFashion Magazines and Body Image Research indicates that exposure to thin ideal images in womens magazines is associated with heightened concerns for body shape and size in a number of young women, although the medias role in the psychopathology of body image disturbance is generally believed to be mediated by personality and socio-cultural factors. The purpose of this research study is to know and gather solid facts and reasons about fashion magazines affecting the teenagers’Read MoreThe Representation of Females in the Media Essay2715 Words   |  11 PagesThe Representation of Females in the Media It is generally accepted that the media, primarily television, lags behind reality and current social trends (Butler and Paisley, 1980) (Gunter, Television and Sex Role Stereotyping). However, This does not make the way women are portrayed in the media any better. Women are not only under-represented in the media but more importantly are portrayed to be half clad, half witted and needing to be rescued by quick thinkingRead MoreGender and Advertising7641 Words   |  31 PagesAdvertising How Gender Shapes Meaning The emotional, sexual, and psychological stereotyping of females begins when the doctor says, â€Å"It’s a girl.† —Shirley Chisholm Men are dogs and women are cats. Women are from Venus and men are from Mars. Writers, filmmakers, psychologists, and advertisers all have used the idea that men and women are different to develop stories, create conflict, and provide persuasive imagery. Not only do advertisers view men and women differently, but men and women also bringRead More Gender Essay2202 Words   |  9 Pagesgenders and how language has changed, if at all, in relation to these points. Women’s roles in society have changed considerably over time, and they are now valued more than ever in society. It has been claimed that this has largely arisen due to the media. It has been said that newspapers and magazines now largely avoid sexist language, and even advertisers have changed their depiction of both genders to some degree. Universities have expanded their curricula to include courses for women, even hospital’sRead MoreThe Glass Ceiling Effect: Women’s Career Advancement in Puerto Rico4525 Words   |  19 PagesThe Glass Ceiling Effect: Women’s Career Advancement in Puerto Rico à ngela Ramos Pà ©rez May 7, 2008 2 Index Chapter One .....................................................................................................................................3 Introduction..................................................................................................................................3 Purpose for the Study.......................................................................Read MoreGender Differences Of Romantic Relationships1722 Words   |  7 Pagesrealistic; at least that is what Amy learned from her father. As a little girl, Amy was drilled with the idea that monogamy is not realistic by her cheating father and she truly took that to heart. Amy portrays a happy, promiscuous women working in New York City as a men’s magazine writer. She goes through life happily sifting through guys or ‘serial’ dating to prevent commitment. Her muscular, very well built â€Å"boyfriend† (pro wrestler John Cena) is shattered when he finds out Amy has bei ng seeing otherRead MoreEssay on The Zara Business Model2190 Words   |  9 Pagesmany of its outlets in Portugal, Italy, Greece, and France. Not only Zara brand is very well-known in those countries, but also due to the large number of tourists in many places, sales revenues are high. Zara products are segmented by women’s line (60%), men’s line (25%) and the fast growing children’s (15%) department. Zara’s target market are young (18-40), urban, price-conscious people with active life-style and middle-range income, who are highly sensitive to the latest fashion trends. LikeRead More Gender Roles in the Media Essay3973 Words   |  16 Pageslook at how the medias representation and portrayal of males and females affects children. Gender differences are the sets of attributes socially and culturally constructed on the basis of birth assignment as male or female (Creedon, 1993, p.5). When a baby is born and wrapped in a colored blanket based on their gender, one of the first things many parents think about his how perfect their little boy or girl is; How strong and handsome their son will be with his dads strong hands; How beautifulRead MoreBusiness Journalism in India26104 Words   |  105 PagesBusiness and Magazine Journalism (combination of Niche I and II) 1 Growing importance of business journalism, a brief history (2) 2 The structure of financial management in the country starting with the Finance Minister, (5) rest of the bureaucracy, RBI governor, Planning Commission, SEBI, Banking sector 3 The Budget preparation and presentation, factors influencing the annual budget, role of (5) subsidies and foreign exchange reserves 4 Companies, balance sheets, AGMs window dressing

Panera Bread Strategy Essay - 1230 Words

Running head: PANERA BREAD CASE Title: Panera Bread Strategy Ron Johnson March 1, 2009 Southwestern College Professional Studies Abstract This case study is about Panera Bread Company and its strategy it wishes to employ to become the best brand name of fresh bread in the United States. Panera Bread’s use of a broad differentiation strategy has helped their profitability and growth and rivals have found it hard to compete with the competitiveness of Panera Bread. A SWOT analysis will reveal the competitive advantage Panera Bread has and why this company is in an attractive situation and what Panera Bread must do to strengthen its competitive advantage against rival chains. Panera Bread Strategy Neighborhoods and cities†¦show more content†¦In this case Panera Bread has set itself apart from its rivals by offering specialty type foods that are outside the norm. The bakery menu offers pastries and sweets, granola parfait, baked egg soufflà ©s, breakfast sandwiches and of course, freshly baked breads to include bagels. They also have a cafà © menu that offers hand tossed salads, sandwiches, drinks, and soups. To top things off, they even offer a kids menu, so Panera Bread caters to the entire family. Panera Bread Company went as far as starting a catering program to extend its market reach (Thompson, Strickland, Gamble, 2008, pC-92). â€Å"Everyone enjoys choices, especially when theyre fresh, fun and spontaneous. Right now at Panera Bread, there are plenty of tempting selections to captivate, tantalize and energize your bread-lovers soul as we celebrate the delicious rewards of the bakers craft† (Panera Bread, 2009). What competitive edge does Panera Bread have if any? Panera is attempting to achieve a longer lasting, more profitable competitive advantage by their capability to offer unique or specialty type items. Also, their commitment to put there all into everything they offer their customers. For example, Panera offers 4 different flavors of coffee, dark and light roast, hazelnut, and decaf. What is important is the work they put into making the coffee. â€Å"We believe that coffee is sacred. And that making it requires the utmost attention —from the bean to the cup. So we roast our coffee beans inShow MoreRelatedPanera Bread Company And Its Strategy2297 Words   |  10 PagesThis strategy term project is about Panera Bread Company and its strategy to become more than just â€Å"great food and superior customer service.† Based in St Louis the company is committed to create in its bakery-cafes a warm and welcoming environment. Panera Bread’s strategic leadership together with by top level management has gai ned and sustained the company’s competitive advantage, and continues to implement the company responsibilities in menu transparency creating food as it should be. The keyRead MoreEssay about Business Strategy Panera Bread801 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Stratgery / Case: Panera Bread Company / Igor Maas / 02.15.2008 The main challenge is to determine how Panera Bread can continue to achieve high growth rates in the future. Panera Bread is operating in an extremely high competitive restaurant market which forces the company to improve and to grow steadily for staying profitable. The company’s mission statement of putting â€Å"a loaf of bread in every arm† is just underlying Panera’s commitment for growing. They are now in a good financialRead MorePanera Bread Business Strategy1371 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper is about Panera Bread Company and the strategy it employs to become the best brand name of fresh bread in the United States. Panera Bread specializes in providing fresh goods, made-to-order sandwiches, salads, soups, custom roasted coffees and other cafe beverages. The company generates revenues through three business segments: company bakery-cafà © operations, franchise operations and fresh dough operations. The company’s bakery-cafà © operations segmen t is comprised of the operating activitiesRead MorePanera Bread Is Implementing A Broad Differentiation Strategy795 Words   |  4 PagesIDENTIFICATION: Currently Panera Bread is implementing a broad differentiation strategy. Panera’s target market focuses on urban workers and suburban dwellers. Panera’s core concept is to create a unique cafà © experience, while providing high quality fresh baked goods. Panera’s long term strategy includes increasing it’s brand awareness, and to become the leader in the specialty bakery-cafà © segment. In order to achieve this goal, Panera plans to expand its locations, boost earnings per share 15%-20%Read MoreMarketing Strategy of the Panera Bread Company Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesAs mentioned in the case study, Panera Bread Company is known to be one of the leading bakery/cafà © that offers freshly baked pastries and French inspired entrà ©es across various states in the US. However in the recent years, Panera Bread faced a decrease in their usual high growth rate from 9.1% and 12.0% in the year 2000 to merely 0.2% and 0.5% of comparable sales and annualized u nit volumes respectively. The company likewise has already employed various strategies in order to maintain the high growthRead MoreCase Study: Panera Bread Company Essays1267 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Panera Bread website (2011), the company mission is simply â€Å"A loaf of bread in every arm.† (para 7). Panera Bread Company is a bakery-cafà © that serves specialty sandwiches, gourmet soups, and sweet treats. The founders of Panera, Shaich and Kane, have consistently developed the company around a strategy of growth. The Shaich and Kane initially operated Au Bon Pain; a bakery served large urban areas. Seeking to extend into other markets, the pair obtained St. Louis Bread Company, seeingRead MorePanara Breads Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pages| â€Å"Panera Bread Company in 2011: Pursuing growth in a difficult economy. | | Module II | | â€Å"Panera Bread Company in 2011: Pursuing growth in a difficult economy. | | Module II | MGT 495 March 30, 2013 Nate Huffman 127203 MGT 495 March 30, 2013 Nate Huffman 127203 Table of Contents What are the strategy elements of Panera Bread Company? How well do the pieces fit together? The two best indicators of how well a company’s strategy is working are whether theRead MorePanera Braed Case Analysis1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe overview of Company situation : Panera Bread Company Panera Bread company is one of the leading fast-causal restaurant and widely recognized as the nationwide leader in the baked breads, made-to-order sandwishes, salads, custom roasted coffees and cafe beverages. The company targets to urban workers and suburban dwellers who looking for a quick service meal, qualify foods and environment. In 2004, the customers ranked Panera Bread highest among quick-service restaurants in the Mid-west and NortheastRead MoreHistory of Panera Bread1861 Words   |  7 Pages PANERA BREAD HISTORY Panera Bread started in 1981 as Au Bon Pain Co., Inc. Founded by Louis Kane and Ron Shaich; the company prospered along the east coast of the United States and internationally throughout the 1980s and 1990s and became the dominant operator within the bakery-cafe category. In 1993, Au Bon Pain Co., Inc. purchased Saint Louis Bread Company, a chain of 20 bakery-cafes located in the St. Louis area. The company then managed a comprehensive re-staging of Saint Louis Bread Co.Read MoreEssay on Panera Bread Case784 Words   |  4 Pages 9/17/2013 Panera Bread Company 1. What is Panera Bread’s strategy? Which of the four generic competitive strategies discussed in Chapter 3 most closely fit the competitive approach that Panera Bread is taking? What specific kind of competitive advantage is Panera Bread trying to achieve? Driving concept: to provide a premium specialty bakery and cafà © experience to urban workers and suburban dwellers. Generic: Broad differentiation strategy. Competitive advantage: striving to

Chesapeake Energy Corporation Free Essays

string(31) " gas holdings and reduce risk\." Chesapeake Energy Corporation (NYSE: CHK), headquartered in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, â€Å"owns 1.1 trillion cubic feet equivalent (tcfe) of proved oil and gas reserves, one of the largest inventories of onshore U.S. We will write a custom essay sample on Chesapeake Energy Corporation or any similar topic only for you Order Now natural gas† {Chesapeake Annual Report, 1998, p. 1}. Recently, Chesapeake finished the transformation from an aggressive exploration company focused on developing short-reserve life, to a lower-risk, longer reserve life natural gas producer. Chesapeake†s operations are focused on â€Å"developmental drilling and producing property acquisitions.† These operations are â€Å"concentrated in three major areas: the Mid-continent, the onshore Gulf of Mexico and far northeastern British Columbia, Canada† [Chesapeake Annual Report, 1998, p. 1]. Aubrey K. McClendon is Chesapeake†s Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and Director. Tom L. Ward is the President, Chief Operating Officer and Director. â€Å"McClendon met cofounder Tom Ward in the 1980†³s. Both were independent oil producers; they teamed up in 1983† [Morgenson, p. 2]. They each have more than 16 years of experience in the oil and natural gas industry. All other members of the management team have multiple years of experience in the industry. Chesapeake has concentrated on expanding its holdings in natural gas since the company†s incorporation in 1989. Chesapeake thinks that natural gas will be the fuel choice of the 21st century. The company has been highly competitive in both its exploration activities and efforts to increase its inventory of undeveloped leasehold land. This combination should enable Chesapeake to remain a competitive force in the energy producing industry. New technology in the oil and gas industry has made exploration and production more profitable. This is key for the survival of American businesses that compete with OPEC and other foreign cartels that have very low production costs. New technology, including three-dimensional imaging, which has greater resolution than the previously existing technology, will enable Chesapeake to detect reserves more accurately. Also, horizontal drilling has enabled companies to drain more than one reserve at a time. With profits continuing to be squeezed within this industry, new technology is necessary to help American businesses compete on a global scale. The oil and gas industry is truly a global market. The industry boosted gains in 1999 from increased production efficiency and a decrease in the current supply. U.S. firms, along with OPEC, have voluntarily reduced their total production, which has increased the price. OPEC currently supplies approximately 40% of the world oil production. If OPEC chooses to produce at a lower output, Chesapeake could easily increase production with its low production costs and huge reserves. Many other nations are emerging as competitors, such as the former Soviet Union and Latin American countries. The continuing increase in supply from other nations would potentially saturate the market, causing lower prices and lower profits. Demand is expected to rise only slightly more than two percent through the year 2005. The outlook for this industry is for increased competition domestically (from smaller companies) and internationally from emerging nations. The U.S. has superior technology, which will help keep profits up as supply increases and demand remains relatively constant. Natural gas makes up 72% of Chesapeake†s revenue. They usually sell the product to third parties and are not dependent on any one buyer. Less than 10% of their revenues are generated from two buyers. Governmental Regulations – Operational and Labor Relations The oil and gas industries are subject to considerable government regulation. These laws and regulations are primarily directed toward â€Å"the handling and disposal of drilling and production waste products and waste created by water and air pollution control devices† [Chesapeake 10-K, 1998, p. 10]. The oil and gas industry is accountable to numerous government agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of the Interior, the Department of Energy, the State Department and the Department of Commerce. Virtually every aspect of operations is subject to complex and ever changing regulations. The oil and gas industry is tightly regulated in regard to labor relations by government department and agencies, including the Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) and the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). Some states have their own state sponsored occupational safety plans, while the remainder must comply with federal OSHA regulations. Some of the topics covered under OSHA include personal protective equipment, hazardous communication (HAZCOM) and safety process training. Chesapeake had 453 employees as of March 15, 1999. None of these employees were represented by organized labor unions. The company considers its employee relations to be good [Chesapeake 10-K, 1998, p. 13]. Unocal (NYSE: UCL) employed 7,880 people as of December 31, 1998, of which 575 were represented by various U.S. labor unions [Unocal 10-K, 1998, p. 12]. Both companies are subject to new laws and regulations regarding the environment and labor. Chesapeake and Unocal cannot predict what adverse financial conditions the new laws and regulations will bring. However, short-term and long-term costs will increase as companies improve existing operations to become and remain compliant with government regulations. As a result, all companies in petro-chemical industries are experiencing tremendous difficulty operating profitable businesses. Several businesses have ceased operations as a result of increased regulation coupled with poor profit margins. Chesapeake is at a higher risk regarding this scenario since most of its operations are domestic. Unocal, although a U.S. based company, operations are concentrated primarily overseas, and therefore experience increased leniency regarding environmental and labor regulations. During the last two years, Chesapeake Corporation took a significant hit in terms of earnings, stock price and credit ratings. Positive 1996 earnings turned to a loss in 1997 and tumbled to a bigger loss of $10 per share in 1998. This earnings decline caused the stock price and credit rating to plummet. The company also faces a class action lawsuit stemming from alleged violations of federal securities laws. Top management and directors are accused of using insider information to sell personal holdings in the company at artificially inflated prices. Chesapeake had very disappointing years in 1997 and 1998 as evidenced by the fall in the stock price. The company underwent a substantial repositioning to increase natural gas holdings and reduce risk. You read "Chesapeake Energy Corporation" in category "Essay examples" As a result of this repositioning, Chesapeake incurred considerable debt and is dependent on the market prices of oil and natural gas to increase, and in effect, improve profit margins. Additionally, in 1997, Chesapeake changed their fiscal year end from June 30th to December 31st. As part of the repositioning, Chesapeake increased long term debt over $400 million to a total of $920 million, coupled with a short-term indebtedness of $25 million. This increased borrowing drastically reduced the company†s ability to obtain additional financing. Standard Poor†s and Moody†s placed Chesapeake on review with a negative outlook. The ability to meet obligations for this additional debt will depend on the production and financial performance of the company, market prices of oil and natural gas, and general economic conditions. Common Size Income Statement Analysis Chesapeake had an extremely large write-down of assets (impairment) as a result of reduced oil and gas prices during the past few years. This charge increased operating costs by over $1.2 billion during 1997-98 with 72% of that cost coming in 1998. The asset write-down, combined with expense increases in production, marketing and interest, were the main contributors of total operating costs to be over three times total revenue. The result was 1998 EBIT of ($920) million, and a non-existent ROE, since the company had a net loss approaching $1 billion. Unocal†s ROE was 5.9% in 1998 and 25.1% in 1997. The impairment cost reported by Chesapeake is questionable because of the very large amount that was charged. In perspective, Unocal with over $5 billion in property assets recorded an impairment charge of $97 million during 1998. If oil and gas prices rise in the near future, the impairment costs may be reversed giving the impression that the company is doing very well. Future investors of Chesapeake equities should consider this fact prior to making any investment decisions. Chesapeake had a $140 million reduction to both sides of the balance sheet. The repositioning of the firm focused on increasing inventory of natural gas reserves, â€Å"the fuel of choice for the 21st century† [1998 Annual Report, pg. 18]. Oil and gas properties nearly doubled from 1997 to 1998, totaling $2.2 billion. However, nearly $1.6 billion was depreciated, depleted and amortized. Additionally, cash decreased nearly $100 million, short-term investments were liquidated, and paid-in capital exceeded $1.1 billion over the past two years to provide additional cash for purchases of gas reserves. As a result, total property, plant and equipment was 85% of total assets in 1998 compared to 77% in 1997. In comparison, Unocal†s PPE was 66% and 64% of total assets respectively. Long-term debt increased over $400 million in 1998, totaling $920 million compared to $510 million in 1997. The $920 million was 113% in relation to total liabilities and owners equity of $813 million. In 1998, current liabilities were $131 million compared to current assets of $118 million. This resulted in a reduced current ratio of .90 from a 1997 ratio of 1.42. The Unocal current ratios during 1998 and 1997 were 1.01 and 1.29 respectively. Chesapeake has relied primarily on cash flow through financing activities during the past few years. Cash flow from operations was approximately $95 million in 1998 and $180 million in 1997, while cash flow from financing was $365 million and $278 million respectively. Sales accounted for $378 million in 1998 and appear to be rising approximately 35% annually from 1996 and 1997. However, an accurate comparison is unavailable because of the change in the company†s fiscal year end. Low oil and gas prices forced Chesapeake to borrow, sell equity, and liquidate short-term investments in order to continue operations and invest in oil and gas properties. The company is dependent on the rise of prices during 1999 to continue operations and provide shareholder wealth. The company has several restrictions from being able to borrow additional funds. Additionally, the price of stock has dropped from a high of $34 in 1996 to a low of $.63 in 1998. This has further reduced the company†s ability to generate cash. The current ratios for Chesapeake Energy are as follows: 1.00 (June 96), 2.03 (June 97), 1.42 (December 97), and .90 (December 98). Current liabilities remained constant over this period, ranging from a high of 19% (June 96) to a low of 15% (June 97), with the current level at 16% of total assets. Extreme levels of change in current assets caused the current ratio to fluctuate drastically. Current assets declined from a high of $297 million (31% of total assets) to a current low of $117 million (15% of total assets). This decline in current assets caused the deterioration of the current ratio. The acid test ratios are as follows: .94 (June 96), 2.00 (June 97), 1.37 (December 97), and .81 (December 98). As previously mentioned, current liabilities remained constant. Net accounts receivable remained flat as a percentage of total assets: 9% in 1996, 7% in 1997 (Both June December), and 9% in 1998. Marketable securities were sold off during the past three years, decreasing from 11% ($104 million) of total assets to zero. Cash decreased from 13% ($124 million) of total assets in 1997 (both June December) to 4% in 1998. The combination of severe decreases in both cash and marketable securities are the reasons that the acid test ratio decreased so dramatically. The quick ratios are as follows: .96 (June 96), 2.00 (June 97), 1.38 (December 97), and .86 (December 98). As mentioned previously, current liabilities remained constant and current assets declined. As with the current ratio, the main reason for the deterioration of the quick ratio is the continued loss of current assets. The above ratios and the reasons for their poor trends indicate Chesapeake is currently in a liquidity crisis. This, in combination with the increased debt liabilities, is an extreme warning to both investors and management. This condition also adds to the suspicion that assets are being sold off to fund current debt obligations. The firm†s ability to meet its obligations with cash, as they come due, is approximated by the cash flow liquidity ratio. As previously mentioned, solvency improved and then deteriorated as indicated by the current and quick ratios. The trends are confirmed when looking at cash flow. From 1995 to 1997, Chesapeake†s cash flow liquidity improved from 1.47 to 1.8. 1997 to 1998 showed a large drop in liquidity from 1.8 to 0.95. The company†s financial statement data gives an indication as to why. From 1995 to 1997, short-term solvency improved from 1.47 to 1.8. When looking at the data, cash from operations rose from $55 million in 1995, to $139 million in 1997. The 1997 rise was due to a change in the accounting period. During this same period, cash on hand rose from $56 million to $123 million and marketable securities rose from zero to $13 million. While cash was increasing, current liabilities rose from $75 million to $153 million. Current liabilities doubled during this period, while cash flow increased 150%. The larger increase in cash flow, relative to short-term obligations, accounts for the improvement in solvency during the 1995 to 1997 period. During the 1997 and 1998 periods, liquidity deteriorated as shown by the decrease in the cash flow liquidity ratio from 1.8 to 0.95. The data indicates that cash from operations dropped approximately 32% to $95 million. When looking at the Cash Flow Statement, the large decrease in operating cash is mainly due to the large net loss incurred during the period. At the same time, cash dropped 76% to $30 million while marketable securities fell to zero. Much of the cash appears to have gone to fund the company†s payables and accrued liabilities. Current liabilities were reduced 15% to $131 million. The larger reduction in cash flow relative to current obligations accounts for the deterioration in short-term solvency. The cash flow data confirms that Chesapeake†s liquidity suffered severe deterioration. A reduction in current liabilities is a good sign, but the little amount of cash generated and being used to fund current obligations is not enough. Cash assets are being used to fund these obligations as well. In comparison to the industry debt ratio of .31, Chesapeake ended with a debt ratio of 1.31 in 1998 compared to .71 in 1997. The long-term debt to total capitalization ratio increased from .64 in 1997 to 1.37 in 1998, while the industry average was .44. The tremendous increase in debt was attributable to significantly lower oil and gas prices during the past three years, and a failed drilling venture known as the Louisiana Trend. The company was forced to liquidate assets and take on a substantial amount of debt to meet operational expenses and increase oil and gas field reserves. Chesapeake was added to the Standard Poor†s â€Å"CreditWatch with negative implications† [Yahoo Finance, Nov. 14, 1999] in December of 1998. The low price of fuel during fiscal years 1996 through 1998 was the primary reason for Chesapeake†s troubles. The debt incurred has covenants restricting the company from seeking additional debt and from paying dividends to preferred stock holders. Principal on a large portion of the outstanding debt is not due until 2004 allowing the company time to improve operations. This will also give fuel prices a chance to rise, which is determinant to the company†s survival. The industry average for times interest earned is 5.2, while Chesapeake†s operating profit was ($856) million. The ratio equated to well below zero in 1997 and 1998. In 1998, interest payments were more than $68 million. The financial leverage index could not be computed since there was not a return on equity. Chesapeake overextended their credit by substantially financing with debt and has jeopardized their ability to make obligated payments for their debt and fixed costs. How to cite Chesapeake Energy Corporation, Essay examples

Service to Elderly Community in Singapore

Question: Discuss about the Report for Service to Elderly Community in Singapore. Answer: Introduction Singapore's population is ageing dramatically, both rapidly as well as disproportionately (Choo et al., 1991). Hence, we will be looking at the elderly community in Singapore as our main research topic. Taken from a report on Ageing Population, it was stated that in 2005, one in 12 residence was above 65 years old, however in 2030, the number will be one in five residence will be age 65 years or older (Report on Ageing Population, 2006). This shows that there will be more elderly as compared to the younger population. Issues arise relating to elderly includes elder care, medical, housing as well as financial. Survey was done and concluded that elderly patients with dementia present with complex problems and management requires attention. The attention was not only to the patients' medical problems and rehabilitation strategies but also to education, emotional support and help for their frequently stressed out carers (Shadevan, Lim, Choo, 1999). 100 case records of elderly patients with dementia and that was admitted consecutively were systematically reviewed. The extraction of the patients demographic data, underlying cause(s) of dementia, carers difficulties and the patients functional disability was done. It was concluded that there is an important need for improvement in educating both the public and primary care physicians in Singapore about the early features of dementia (Shadevan, Lim, Choo, 1999). Research by Goh( 2011), focused on understanding the factors associated with utilization of post-acute care (PAC) services in Singapore and how these are woven into family care as well as the lived experience of elderly persons and their families (Goh, 2011). In his studies, it was noted that there is a downward trend in multi-generation household which means that different generation staying under one roof. This can be a combination of grandparents, parents and children. However, as compare to other Asian countries, Singapore is still at the high volume of multi-generation household (Committee on Ageing Issues, 2006; Knodel Debavalya, 1997). 299 elderly took part in the study and the research question in the study take into factors which includes physical, social, organizational, environment as well as phychological associated with the use of PAC. The results combined both quantitative and qualitative approached which was used in the research to explore the factor which is associated with the use of PAC services or also known as the mixed model (Tashakkori Teddlie, 1998). Goh(2011) studies brought up that there are only few studies which focuses the usage of either nursing home or day care centres. The studies done across the different population group that is the elderly in the nursing home and day care centre uses different perspectives and methodology. The nursing home studies show that the elderly persons physical and mental impairment and the social and psychological problems associated with caring for these dependent elderly persons are determinants for nursing-home use. Provider-related issues such as registration process, attractiveness of the program accessibility and whether the centers are ethnically or culturally sensitive, however, are found to be factors that either hinder or facilitate the use of the day centers. This made the comparison difficult and the sample size of the study was small and difficult to generalized (Goh, 2011). Another study that was done relating to elderly is by Ng, Luo and Heng (2014), whereby they make use of the Latent Class Analysis (LCA) with an aim to identify health status pro?les and examine the socio-demographic characteristics associated with each pro?le. After examining the profiles, the came into two objectives for their research study which are firstly, identifiying the health status profiles of older adults based on measures of health in the mental, physical and social dimensions. The second objectives were to examine the socio-demographic characteristic associated with each health status profile. (Ng, Luo Heng, 2014). 2,444 community survey was done at Marine Parade, Singapore for respondent who are 60 years old and above. The LCA was performed with seven health indicator which is the number of chronic conditions, pain, depression, social isolation, activities of daily living (ADL) dependency, cognitive and frequent of socialization to identify the distinct classes of health status profiles. It was noted that those with primary and lower education, and were unemployed or not employed were more likely to be Health at risk. With this indicator, it was then categories under the social-demographic characteristics associated with each profile (Ng, Luo Heng, 2014). The World Health Organisation (WHO) has de?ned health as not merely the absence of disease or in?rmity, but a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Elderly has often be associated with health. Looking at health status from a multidimensional perspective would allow for the identi?cation of different healthcare needs so that resources can be adjusted or utilised to meet the various healthcare demands. According to Ng, Luo and Hend (2014), there have been no studies that used LCA to investigate the health status of the elderly in Singapore (Ng, Luo Heng, 2014). Taking into consideration on 2 focus points of the research study, we will look into the ageing population and the disease which not only include physical illness but includes the psychological illnesses. In Singapore, there is organisation as well as government bodies which have been looking into the ageing population issues such as the Singapore Silver Pages which is an initiative by Agency for Integrated Care as well as the Ministry of Social and Family Development (MSF). Research Question Does elderly population who received assistant from government or organisation bodies have a better ageing life. Hypothesis Elderly population in Singapore who are above the age of 60 years old who received financial help from the government or organisation bodies have a better ageing life? Elderly population in Singapore who are above the age of 60 years old who gets proper medical health care which includes physically, mentally and psychologically have a better ageing life? With proper government or organizational bodies intervention to help the ageing population, helps in given elderly above the age of 60 years old a more secure ageing life? B. Data and Research Design i) Sampling: Sample refers to the targeted group that can reflect exact perception of the entire population. It is highly important to select an appropriate sample in order to attain most efficient research findings. The academic social research work extensively focuses on two major type of sampling techniques in order to ensure the quality research findings. These sampling techniques are probability sampling technique as well as non-probability sampling techniques (Bazeley Jackson, 2013). Probability sampling techniques uses biasness in order to select a pertinent set of respondents. On the other hand, non-probability sampling techniques randomly select the respondents in order to ensure that no amount of human emotion can contaminate the collected data. The probability sampling technique is highly useful to select the most appropriate respondents, where the expert of inside information is needed. The random process cannot ensure that every respondent will have somewhat knowledge regarding certain research topic. In this context, the current social issue is related to the service provided to the social community. The information will be naturally available to the families of elderly people that have received the service of safety net of Singapore (Cleary et al., 2014). Therefore, snowball probability sampling technique will be most effective for collecting the particular information. The families of the clients, who have received help from social safety net of Singapore, will be asked to take part in the research. 50 knowledgeable respondents will be selected from there in order to evaluate their responses. ii) Unit of Analysis and Measurement: Unit of analysis plays a very crucial role in the context of pertaining social science research. There are ranges of thing that can be considered as unit in the research. However, in social science research the following are mostly recognized as the unit of analysis. Groups Individuals Artifacts Geographical Units Social Interactions In the current context the condition of the each elderly people in Singapore will determine the result of the study. However, the individual score would not be considered in the analysis. Rather, it would use the segregate of the elderly communitys opinion. Therefore, it can be easily confirmed that for the current study the group, which means the elderly community will be unit of analysis. The measurement is another most important part of the social research study. There are two most integral part of the measurement, which are level of measurement as well as reliability of measurement. Academic research exclusively uses four kinds of different levels of measurement, which are nominal, ordinal, interval as well as ratio. In the current study, the segregate of the elderly peoples score will define the research outcomes. Therefore, the interval level of measures will be most effective for the current research work. On the other hand, reliability of measurement is highly effective to estimate how far the research findings can be reliable (Mackey Gass, 2015). In this context, the inter rater reliability will be used. The academic social research work also face a greater concern in regard with the validity of measurement. Often, it has been noticed that the research work has been failed due to the wrong question format or wrong group. Therefore, the current research work mu st consider every angle in the context of validity. iii) Research Design: There are two types of data collection method which are primary and secondary. Primary data means fresh information that is collected from several respondents. On the other hand, secondary data is collected from previous research works, published journal articles and newspapers. In this research, it is important to collect opinion of people in order to understand the current scenario of the service provided to the elderly people in Singapore. That is why primary research method will be used in this research by using survey questionnaire method. It will be helpful to grasp the exact scenario of the elderly community in Singapore Primarily, four types of research philosophies are vastly used in most of the researches which are positivism, realism, pragmatism and interpretivism. Pragmatism research philosophy concentrates on the respondents awareness. On the other hand, realism mostly focuses on authenticity of the current condition along with current belief regarding the research issue (Bazeley Jackson, 2013). Pragmatism research issue deals with the relation between the research contributors and respondents in the particular research work. Positivism research philosophy helps a research work to work through an appropriately developed path. For this research, positivism research philosophy is selected as it will help to gather relevant and realistic data related to the research topic. In order to conduct the research in a rightful manner, it is important to select a proper research approach. It will help to gain precise idea and guideline to choose appropriate research activities at all time. Two most popular research approaches are deductive research approach and inductive research approach. Deductive research approach mostly relies on empirical research findings in order to test the research expectations. It also deals with the testing of hypothesis in order to figure out the current conditions of the research issue (Cleary et al., 2014). As it uses empirical research findings, it will help to determine whether the developed hypothesises are true or false. On the other hand, inductive research approach serves so that new ideas and theories can be developed related to the research issue. This research work that is related to understand the current scenario of the service provided to the elderly community will be explored productively if deductive research approac h is used in it. This research has no intention to develop new theories and ideas and on the other hand, empirical research will help to figure out several situations associated to the service provided to the elderly community (Lewis, 2015). As a result, it will be possible to find most realistic research findings with the presence of deductive research approach. There are three types of research designs available that mostly used in research works. They are descriptive, exploratory, and explanatory. Exploratory research design tends to explore aim and objectives of the research, where research aim is incomplete (Punch, 2013). On the other hand, explanatory research design aims to describe the issues of research in a manner that the research outcomes would be capable to explain aims and objectives with a clear understanding. For this research work, descriptive research design will be used as it is the most effective way to describe the research aim (Mackey Gass, 2015). In order to conduct the research properly and to get expected results, descriptive research will help to understand every aspect of the research issue. iv) Method of Data Analysis: Data analysis one of the most essential part of any research project. Therefore, every research work must focus on effective data analysis that would ensure most positive outcomes. In this context, the descriptive statistics will be used for interpreting the data. The descriptive statistics uses central tendency, after converting it into tabular format, for analyzing the data. Based on the research questions, the responds will also be converted into percentage format to figure out whether the responds are indicating positive or negative feedbacks (Flick, 2015). C. Concluding Remarks Ethical Consideration As this research will follow primary research method, ethical consideration will play a major role in it. People from different race, sex and background will participate in this research. Their responds miay put their lives in danger (Gajjar, 2013). That is why; it will be taken care of that any data related to this research will be kept as classified as possible. In no condition, personal information of the participants, such as name or contact details will be shared with any third party. Besides, participants will never be involved without their full consent. The use of force will be strictly prohibited within the research premises. They will have the full right to quit the survey at any point of time (Ritchie, 2013). They will not be coerced to take the survey and reason behind the survey will be clearly told to them. In addition, the research workers would not participate in any monetary transaction with the third party regarding the research work. Research Limitations Every research work is bound to face several challenges and this one is no exception. In is assumed that the current research project is most likely experience two major issues, which are finance and time constraint, while doing the research were. It is evident that without the money the quality of the research project will bound to be compromised. Money will be most important challenge as the budget is quite low. In addition, this research project will experience a severe shortage of time and as a result, it will not be possible to evaluate the research issue properly (Panneerselvam, 2014). Besides, Government of Singapore is directly involved in their service provision to the elderly community. That is why; it was almost impossible to gather data from government offices without proper permission. Due to lack of time, it will be also difficult to research a lot of literature in order to find out the proper one. References Bazeley, P. Jackson, K. eds., (2013).Qualitative data analysis with NVivo. Sage Publications Limited. Choo, P. W. J., Sahadevan, S., Chee, Y. C. et al. (1991) Health care services for the elderlya Singapore perspective. Singapore Med. J. 32, 319-323. Cleary, M., Horsfall, J. Hayter, M. (2014). Data collection and sampling in qualitative research: does size matter?.Journal of Advanced Nursing. 70(3),473-475. Committee on Ageing Issues. (2006). Report on the Ageing Population 2006. Singapore. Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project.Sage. Gajjar, B. (2013). Ethical consideration in research.International Journal for Research in Education, 2(7). Goh, S. N. (2011). Post Acute Care of the Elderly in Singapore What Factors Influence Use of Services?.Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development, 21(1), 31-53. Knodel, J., Debavalya, N. (1997). Living arrangements and support among the elderly in South-East Asia: an introduction. Lewis, S. 2015. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Health promotion practice, 1524839915580941. Mackey, A., Gass, S. M. (2015). Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Ng, C. W., Luo, N., Heng, B. H. (2014). Health status profiles in community-dwelling elderly using self-reported health indicators: a latent class analysis. Quality of Life Research, 23(10), 2889-2898. Panneerselvam, R. (2014). Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt.Ltd.. Punch, K.F. 2013. Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sage. Report on Aging population, Singapore. (2016). Retrieved 8 November 2016, from https://app.msf.gov.sg/Portals/0/Summary/research/CAI_report.pdf Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013). Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Sahadevan, S., Lim, P. P. J., Choo, P. W. J. (1999).Dementia in the hospitalized elderlya study of 100 consecutive cases in Singapore.International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 14(4), 266-271. Statistics Singapore - Elderly, Youth and Gender Profile.(2016). Singstat.gov.sg. Retrieved 8 November 2016, from https://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/browse-by-theme/elderly-youth-and-gender-profile Tashakkori, A., Teddlie, C. (1998).Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches (Vol. 46). Sage.

Tom Brennan notes Essay Example

Tom Brennan notes Essay Toms letter- sentences- maybe you could go to a councilor or talk to someone outside of the family to help you cope Its not your fault mum, you did nothing wrong to cause this I feel Like kylie is punching me away, the whole family changed. We are all here when the time comes, when you are ready to start again. I miss the way our family was before the accident. I am making friends with the guys on the football team, they are a nice bunch of blokes. You are missing out on so much of my life and it hurts that you dont care. Chapter 4 His legs had wasted to long pieces of bone wrapped in shiny skin. (p. 61) If I was Fin- Maybe Itll come back, first my toes then my legs. What if it doesnt though? Daniel didnt know what he was doing, but he still conscious and hes the only one I can blame. I dont think I can forgive him. What am I going to do with my life now? I cant play footy, cricket, swim, and even write. Ive got future of endless misery for trying to help my mate. Why me? Chapter 5- Tom Is really upset by Daniels behavior towards him at the beach. Write his diary entry for that day. The silence. The darkness. Vive seen it before, the night of the crash. I saw the anger in his eyes. Man sometimes Daniel annoys me We will write a custom essay sample on Tom Brennan notes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tom Brennan notes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tom Brennan notes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It haunts my memories even today The moment I saw him my heart sunk Memories that make me hurt make me want to cry We were able to have able of a Joke and a laughs together, but It wants the same It never will be. Im always In danger when Im with Daniel. Daniel would be so but better without his temper. Daniel likes his privacy, I shouldnt have told Brendan. He always takes his anger out on me He kept me under the water for ages. I thought I was going to die. Chapter 6- Activity: Discuss whether Kylies reaction to her situation is the way most teenagers would 0 respond. Discuss how the class would have dealt with Tees. Could Tom have done anything Tot help her? Activity 1- All Individuals react In a different way, there Is no average way to respond to hidden away; others block it out and move on. In her situation where she meets new friends and Just tries to start a new life to fit in and forget I think its a healthier way to respond even though the rebellious attitude she has adopted is impacting on her and others negatively she is at least confronting it. Activity 2- In this situation Tom could have tried to help and become more understanding but he himself is trying to find a way to deal with his emotions and past. Chapter 7- Activities: You are a psychologist who has been assigned to help Tees in the days following The accident. Write the report you would make on her emotional state. Discuss Tallboys recommendations should Daniel have pleaded guilty or not Guilty? Activity 1- Tees has seen the stages of denial, remorse, sadness and uncertainty. Her progress has been negative as she tries to get a grasp on what has happened and how the community is responding as days before the accident her family was respected and liked. Now they face the families and friends of the 2 children her son had killed. Activity 2- Considering the statements that the witnesses made the options for denials plead were restricted. To face the court and have an honest testament the court would see his remorse and character before his actions maybe giving him a better option for his future. If he pleads not guilty and the evidence is against him the sentence will be much larger, the families inflicted will be angrier and the character of Daniel will be compromised. Chapter 8- In small groups, compare Tom how is emotionally at this stage with how he was at the beginning of the story. Is there any change? At the beginning of the story he was cared and confused as he was pushing his car out the driveway to escape the gaze of the neighbors. This is slightly contrasted with his more developed character by chapter 8 where he starts to put things together and realize why everything happened. He is still emotionally unstable because of the event and what had happened to him, his family and the community but his understanding and progression of the realization of it seems to be developing through the next few chapters. He now takes control, gets along with life, accepting yet still hiding and burying it below his new life. Gets back into footy ND running, his old life. JOURNEY INTO THE WORLD) My short Journey to next year. At this stage in my life with study, work, social life, hobbies, adulthood and other interests its hard to hold it all on one plate, to balance the workload and find the priorities. The Journey mainly involves study up until the end of the HAS hopefully, if I can find a routine and beyond that its all about work, friends, alcohol and parties. Len- between those I should be looking into my future as fair as nun and career goes but at the moment my main concerns are on going well in school but not forgetting the things that make me happy. Although all these things are most important for my study, work, school and sleep. To still have a sense of adventure in-between all the hassles of senior life. Chapter 9 the legend of the Brenna Brothers In the last 2 years these two remarkable brothers have almost carried their footy team towards the win. Along with the help of their teammates and rivals to motivate them they have blown away the competition with their brotherly instinct out on the field. They say the strongest bond is love, but there is one stronger than Just love, love and brotherhood. In the recent season that has Just passed the two have said heir intention for the next season, to make it a trisects, no team has done it before and I have, their family has and the community has high expectations for their future. Chapter II- 6 lines on reasonable assumption It wasnt a reasonable assumption by tom but because of his state of mind in the time this line was said its understandable. He didnt take into account the opinions and perspectives of the people in the town and his familys view of how they should react. It was more of an emotional response than a conscious one, making the reaction usually more heated and unstable. Lines on a discussion of dawns future. For Daniel I believe his future is looking to be that of progressive. From the news of his condition in goal and how he is helping other inmates he is already on the way to his new life outside of goal. I believe that his journey will have foundations around his family and final maintenance by the people he posit ions himself around. Chapter 12 6 lines to say I dont think it is fair for the whole family to be blamed for Daniels actions but that is the reality with their circumstance in their community. I think from what has been stated up to this point that the blame shouldnt go towards the whole family. That is what one persons downfall. Although I think it shouldnt be shared by the family its almost better that way so we can see the development and reaction of each individual character. Chapter 13 Kylie speech Good morning my fellow Chill classmates. Today I am going to talk to you about a very serious Chapter 14 Journal entries. (3) Journal entry 1- Going out for dinner, I thought itll be a change from eating hard boiled meatloaf all joining us though. Crisis, the goddess who walked among us. I was so nervous. The start of the night went salamander, I was interrupted naked and burnt as I was herring, but in a way it was good. The rest of the night went well, Just Jokes and laughs. Id forgotten all about my nervousness of the glistening beauty of Crisis and it Just seemed like it was a normal dinner with mates. It was an amazing night, seemed like old times, Entry 2- Heading off to the footy camp I had very low expectations for the resulting week but it didnt mean we couldnt have a bit of a social thing. These boys couldnt catch a cold but it started out to be a lot of fun. I tried teaching them a few moves that Daniel and I use to do, killer tactics they were but it didnt work out. I was beginning to get bait upset because from the years past footy camps were all about learning new things, refining our skills and fitness. This excuse for a gathering was mostly the opposite. My attitude must have been showing because dad pulled me over and started to have a word. Entry 3- After dad had a very meaning full conversation, he almost had a tear in his eye. For the next 4 days I worked those boys through all the training runs Dan and I use to do, teaching them new tricks and refining their skills as much as I could. After the conversation dad made me realize that the game wasnt all about winning and eating the shield but doing it as a team and enjoying it. Tom b- 1st person flash backs non- chromo accident obstacles- mother, kylie sport/girlfriend transition change, obstacles, transformation, responsibility, choice, identity. ROT- the kings of summer Tommy B Chapter 16- He was on a self-destruct mission. (p. 229) In a class discussion students could share ideas on this topic. Do they believe that Daniels parents should have been also charged for taking a passive resistance towards his behavior? What could have been done to help Daniel prior to the accident? Are liquor laws the same for underage drinking in all countries? What influence do friends have when someone is going off the rails? Question 1- no I dont. They were having a hard ti me controlling their sons behavior like many parents do around the same age as Dan. It is completely understandable and excusable. Question 2 taken a deep breath, and thought about what has happened. Maybe taken a walk to relax and sweat the alcohol out, sober up. Question 3 no, some countries take it very seriously having harsh penalties such as probation and steep fines. Australia is quite relaxed about the matter and consider it within our culture I believe. Although this is my opinion there are still Judges and officers that take it very seriously and go beyond the laws to teach the offended a lesson. Question 4 depends what sort of attitude and frame of mind they are in. If they are negotiable and sociable friends can have a very big influence. Calming them down or sometimes heating the situation. But while they are totally negotiable friends advice can be easily deflected. Chapter 17- The siren rang for full-time, the score still 9-7 but you wouldve thought we were the winners. (p. 251) Activity 1 Students are to write a sporting column for a local newspaper describing the match. Vive got to ring him. (p. 253) Activity 2:0 What would Tom have said to Matt? Working in pairs, write a script of this phone call. Activity 1- One of the most intimidated matches for the season Chapter 18- l think Ill call you Harvey, she crooned. Because Saint Harvey was famous for his miracles.

Speech Delivery Essay Example

Speech Delivery Essay Example Speech Delivery Essay Speech Delivery Essay Make a list of at least seven attributes that epitomize effective delivery. It might help to actually think of a person who is an excellent public speaker. What makes this person effective? Be as specific as possible.Here is the list of seven attributes that characterize effective public speech.Full posession of the subjectThe speaker should very familiar to the subject of speech. The feeling that the speaker is well aware of the subject grabs attention and inspires respect towards the speakerLiteracyThe speech should be grammatically and stylistically ideal. Any failure in these two aspects may destroy the positive image. At the same time, the language of the speech should correspond to the levels of the subject and the audience. The right stile may greatly influence on the overall impact of the speech.Structured and clear speechThe ideas expressed in the speech should follow each other logically. The aim of the speech should be clear and should be stressed separately.ConfidenceMost novice speakers experience fear, which does not give and impression of a professional attitude. The audience expects confidence and trustworthiness. Fearful and shy attitude may cause sarcasm, distrust and disrespect.Effective eye contact and body gestureSincere eye contact creates a silent dialogue, whereas effective body gesture may confirm the trustworthiness of the ideas expressed and will serve as an effective performace tool to keep the interest among the audience.effective pausingPausing is one of the tools which are used by the experienced speakers. A sucecssful utilisation of this tool ensures real success of the speech.clear selection of the length of the speechLong speech does not mean good speech. Most novice speakers fear that a limited number of sentences will mean a bad speech, whereas a long, uninteresting and boring speech is not better. The speaker should sum up the speech as soon as the main points are already covered.List and define the six elements of vocal pre sentation.1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PitchTone of sounds, ranging from high tones of soprano to low (or deep) tones of bass.1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Volume ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fullness or power of the sound, ranging from loud to soft,1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rate ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The speed at which words are spoken. (Most people speak about 150 words per minute, the equivalent of one-half to two-thirds of a double-spaced, typewritten page.)1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Quality ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The characteristic tone of a speaking voice1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Animation ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Has to do with the liveliness of the presentation.1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pause ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A temporary stop or hesitation.3. How does physical appearance affect delivery? Provide an example of a speaker whose physical appearance enhanced or hindered effective delivery. This can be a public figure (e.g., celebrity, pol itician) or someone you know (use no real names, please). Your answer should be approximately 200 words in length.It is widely believed that the most successful speaker is the most handsome person. A thorough study of the world history of speakers reveals that the inner beauty has greatly been the guarantee of the success, rather than the physical appearance. Nevertheless, tidy, tasteful and appropriate wearing, appropriate haircut and energetic manners enhance effective delivery of the speech. At the same time, there should not be anything that may grab the attention of the audience and shadow the delivery of the speech by its present, e.g. extra bright clothing, tired and sleepy manners, or a masquerade makeup. On this occasion, I tried to recall a single speech made by Marylyn Monroe; I hardly remembered a singe word, although I clearly remember her making small speeches; her brilliant appearance does not allow the audience to remember her expressing anything. In contrary to this , I am still puzzled over the speeches of the late John Paul II, who with his non attractive appearance, great difficulties in maintaining all the rules of effective public speaking could possess with the attention and admiration of thousands of people. His present and holiness, the wisdom and the contribution to the world history were the most powerful factors for him to be successful in any of his speeches.How does movement enhance delivery? Explain how gestures and eye contact affect delivery. Your answer should be approximately 100–200 words in length.The human nature believes the body first and than the language. This is why the body language adds credibility to the oral speech. Many presentations require that the speaker uses visual aids during the speech. Especially for those cases the posture, eye contact and movement enhance the speech and make the audience feel comfortable. However, the movement and body language should be developed appropriately; they must contribu te to the actual subject and not exaggerate or confuse the audience. The body language should be natural and be embedded into the speech itself. The effective use of eye contact, movements and facial expressions will make the speech livelier; they will serve as additional tools to express the feelings, and naturally, the main points of the speaker. Therefore, the speaker should feel free in expressing his/her inner feelings. A person speaking about a happy occasion without a smile on the face will sound strange, whereas speaking in from of the audience may drive the speaker into a stressful situation and force the person to use contradictory gestures and non appropriate style in general.5. Watch Bill Cosby’s commencement address at Old Dominion University. In approximately 200–400 words, comment on Cosby’s delivery, addressing all elements of voice, physical appearance, and movement as discussed in your textbook.?

Statement of Purpose for TESOL Master's degree Essay

Statement of Purpose for TESOL Master's degree - Essay Example These are the primary reasons for my selection of this noble and important field. Certainly, I have a great vision for the future. I envision the world where all students would be able to communicate effectively in a standard language. Therefore, my ultimate goal is to become an efficient and effective teacher primarily for students learning English as a second language. I was lucky to have been born in U.S and therefore, my language foundation is good. However, I have experienced the challenges of second language learners when I went back to my native country. The teachers could not teach effectively since they had problems in pronunciation due to poor background in English. I have invested a lot in my education and my graduate qualifications can attest to that. I still wish to continue investing in myself until I become nurtured enough to impart the knowledge to others. I am deeply motivated and encouraged to achieve my objectives of making English easy and interesting to learn for second language learners. Although there are many challenges along the way, I have not relented on pursuing my dreams. I have worked in a bank as a banker. Actually, I got a promotion to a well-paying position within the bank but declined the offer and came back to U.S to realize my objectives. Education is not primarily about money but an inner and strong drive to make life simpler and easier for the society. Therefore, I am not driven by money but by a strong passion. I believe that the gratification that comes with assisting students in learning cannot be quantified with anything. My parents have been a great motivation and have accorded me all the support I need. They are still willing to support me to the end since they believe in me and believe that I have what it takes to realize my noble dream. Needless to say, my professional aspirations are indeed great. Therefore, I need a good university that will equal my passion

Current and Future Trends in a Sector of the Hospitality Industry Research Paper

Current and Future Trends in a Sector of the Hospitality Industry - Research Paper Example As time changes, even the hospitality industry has changed a lot for the better. While many of the issues have been effectively dealt with, a number of new asking issues have come to the scenario. A person lacking in skill is likely to be less productive than someone who possesses such a skill (Frogner 2002). The problem of creating and maintaining a loyal and skillful workload is always a challenge for all the business owners around the world. It has been anticipated that all the aspects of construction and renovation cost will continue to keep on increasing. 'It was mainly because steel prices experienced a 48.8-percent increase in 2004, which was preceded by significant increases in scrap iron and steel prices in 2002 and 2003. Steel prices held steady in 2005 but jumped again in 2006 through 2009. They are expected to increase again in 2010 and beyond as demand for steel from construction projects in China and India increases. Scrap iron and steel prices have increased by approximately 20 percent in the past twelve months' (Hotel Line Special Report 2006). Hospitality management systems have evolved into sophisticated, well integrated, multi-discipline tools capable of helping properties of all types and sizes attract more guests, generate more revenue and reach much-improved levels of efficiency. But still, in certain areas of the world, the main technological factors of the hospitality industry completely have to depend on outsourcing facilities which at times turns out to be more complex operations.

What is Rhetoric Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is Rhetoric - Assignment Example From an analysis of these three major definitions, I would say that rhetoric is a manner of speaking that helps a speaker convey a message effectively. As can be seen, rhetoric is a communication tool, so its importance arises from the ability of a speaker to manipulate its use to convey messages. Rhetoric is a tool that can be used by the speaker to influence the listener’s mindset, so it is important for convincing people of opinions that they should understand. However, rhetoric is a combination of the good and bad. Just like any tool, rhetoric can be used for negative and positive purposes. This means that rhetoric is a tool, a tool used in speech for different purposes. Rhetoric is a tool that can be used to build or destroy lives, depending on the way the speaker chooses to use it. For example, a speaker can choose to use to use rhetoric as a weapon, which is still an application of a

The national curriculum of Indonesia

The national curriculum of Indonesia In the course of history since 1945 (Independence Year), the national curriculum of Indonesia had undergone change several times, namely in 1947, 1952, 1964, 1968, 1975, 1984, 1994, 2004 and the latest curriculum of KTSP 2006 (best understood as School Based Currriculum), those amendments are logically consequences of political issue, government system, social cultural, economic, science and technology change in the living of state community (Soekisno, 2007,). Therefore, the curriculum as a set of educational plans should be developed dynamically in accordance with the demands and changes that occur in society. All Indonesias national curricula were designed based on the same foundation, namely Pancasila (Philosophical foundation of the Indonesian Republic) and the 1945 constitution; the principal differences among those curriculums were only on emphasizing of educational goals and approaches to realize it. Continuing to improve the quality of education in order commensurate with other developing countries, the Indonesian government has made various changes, and continues to review the implementation of education in Indonesia. The National Education Standards of Indonesia (BSNP) had regulated through Government Regulation (PP) No. 19 Year 2005 and set eight contents of the Standards of Education, specifically Content Standard, Standard Process, Graduates Competency Standards, Educators Standards and Education Workforce, Infrastructure Standards , Management Standards, Financial Standards and Evaluation Standards. Simultaneously the Government Regulation No.19 year 2005 affected the direction of Indonesian curriculum development policies to implement its Content Standard (SK) and Graduate Competency Standard (SKL) as established through the Regulation of The Minister of National Education: Number 22, 23, 24 year 2006. These three regulations then further elaborated KTSP (School Based Curriculum) which is built and developed by each educational unit or school in Indonesia. According to Azumardi Azra (2006), explained that the changes in education in Indonesia means that there are two new paradigms emerged in education, shifting the orientation of the policy where previously being centralized to decentralized, then national education is more oriented to the learning process rather than results. Decentralized system means to implement the new breakthrough School-Based Curriculum known as KTSP in Indonesia. Change of curriculum had affected the national education system of Indonesia; it had not only affected the learning climate in the classroom, but the readiness of the principal and subject teachers in efforts to understand and apply the curriculum in practice. In addition, Sutrisno and Nuryanto (2008) viewed that the implementation has not been optimally practiced as educational practitioners think KTSP differs with KBK. Meanwhile Suhadi (2006) argued that such an assumption was due to a prior attitudes and psychological resistance against the changes. The changes enhanced the operational practice of curriculum which are developed and implemented by each school consisting of their own respective goals, local content perspectives, educational calendar and syllabus. KTSP which was being mandated by the Ministry of National Education Indonesia (MoNE) through The National Education Standard Institution (BSNP) means to reinforce the implementation of its predecessor (read: KBK), it implies that KTSP still put pressure on developing students competencies. According to Fasli and Bachruddin (2007) said that KTSP implementation will not be undergoing a public test, because this curriculum had been tested through KBK which was being applied by several schools in a pilot project before the birth of KTSP. This is then a following-up toward curriculum change in the context of regional autonomy and decentralization of education programmed by the government of Indonesia. The implementation of this curriculum is focused on three dimensions of students enrichment of knowledge (cognitive), attitude formation (affective) and behavior (psychomotor). Under KTSP the school and teacher have the authority to decide the educational goals based on their own schools perspective, in other words, teacher have duties on: (1) constructing and formulating the proper goal, (2) choosing and constructing the right lesson material according to the needs, interest and childrens development phase, (3) using various methods and teaching media, (4) and constructing the program and the right evaluation. A curriculum should be made systematically and detail, which will help the teachers in its implementation. However, KTSP faces major challenges related to integration of local information, national, and international. Combining these integrations may only be solved by having resources which are prepared ahead of time, not by the teachers who prepared instantly through a variety of curriculum development assistance programs. It is more dangerous if the schools eventually just offered cheat or trace the guidelines offered by National Education Standard (BSNP). If so, KTSP will create the instant schools and result in stunted creativity, contrary to the mandate of the KTSP. Some of the reasons behind the needs for this research include (a) KTSP implementation needs to be evaluated simultaneously in qualitative and quantitative terms; and (b) the results of that evaluation can be made as the basic information for all policy decisions related to educational elements in Riau Province especially at Indragiri Hilir Regency. Research Problem However, having been launched on 2006, there were many issues discussed by experts and parties whose responsible for education, particularly in the implementation of School Based Curriculum (KTSP) which has inadequate human resources whose capable to interpret even elaborate it into the practice of educational unit , incompleteness of the supporting facilities of its implementation, the teachers do not understand KTSP as a whole, both in terms of concept and its implementation in schools and even still busy using the previous theory in the process of teaching and learning in classroom. In accordance with the principal of KTSP, all levels and types of education in Indonesia must develop their own curriculum based on their potential areas and students. This is supported by Minister of National Education Regulation No. 22 of 2006 on the Content Standards, as well as Minister of National Education Regulation No. 23 of 2006 on Graduates Competency Standards (SKL); these regulations mandate to the schools in order being required to prepare their own curriculum. However, this policy is not accompanied by teachers readiness or even understanding. These generate confusion among them while applying the KTSP. As informed by Curriculum Center 2010, the monitoring noticed the implementation of KTSP has been conducted mostly in large areas, although majority of them still adopting from existing model of curriculum. Hopefully, with technical assistances undertaken by various parties will ensure the success of its development and help improve understanding of the concept and philosophy, and encourage them to develop the curriculum based on their respective conditions. Various obstacles occurred during realizing the empowerment of schools and KTSP. First, lack of ability is the main construct, developing of staffs members capabilities while providing technical assistance to particular regions could lead them to learn by doing. The instability of funding for the dissemination and socialization of KTSP causes the Curriculum Center to experience substantial cost-cutting measures; it impacts the perfect planning that has been initially organized became severely hampered in its implementation and also creates distrust between local education authorities and Curriculum Center. But the best spirit in welcoming this new curriculum to be highly efficacious for the Curriculum Center to do the best in accordance with the appropriate quality needs, potentials and regional particularities. Therefore, any problems arise due to the implementation of KTSP supposed to comprise more serious concern of Indonesian Government, especially Indonesian Ministry of National Education. The aspects to be considered include the following: Improving teachers quality and understanding toward relevant concepts of KTSP implementation. Providing such of facilities and infrastructure that can support the successful of KTSP implementation. Simultaneously help every educational unit in developing KTSP. Evaluating its process at provincial level to local district and regions. Whatever the responses from the concerning person/social in regard to the implementation of KTSP, school and teacher are the central to implement this school based curriculum; they themselves have the potential to overcome any weaknesses occurring, if not it will be in vain. As suggested by Nana (2001) no matter on how good the curriculum, the results are highly dependent on what is being done by teachers and pupils in the classroom. It means the success of education through curriculum reformation will ultimately be determined by the teacher as an executor of the curriculum, and school as a learning provider. Research Objectives This study aims to see how the implementation of School-Based Curriculum (KTSP) is carried out in Junior High Schools and Senior High Schools as well as Madrasah at Riau province Indonesia. Specifically it will be conducted in one part of Riau Province namely Indragiri Hilir Regency. Particularly the objective of this study is to assess the status of KTSP implementation in the dimensions of context, input, process and product (CIPP model by Daniel Stufflebeam). To figure out the extent to which KTSP has been implemented in High Schools and Madrasah To investigate the complexities of its implementation during 4 years running To find out the supporting facilities provided by national and local government in its implementation Overall purpose of this study is to see the implementation of the KTSP in terms of context, input, process and product. Significance of the Study The result of this study will give some of practical benefits as follows: The policy recommendations to Indonesian Ministry of Education (especially for Indragiri Hilir Ministry of Education) based on the objectives data that will be resulted at the end of the study. Information to the public (stakeholder and parents) For basic development of relevant curriculum materials accordance with local potentials and teacher competency standard. As reference to the theoretical basis for the development of KTSP paradigm based on schools potential needs on respect to its planning, implementation, and evaluation. Research Questions In overall objectives, this study will formulate the research questions based on the evaluation model of curriculum developed by Stufflebeam (1972); those are Context, Input, Process and Product. Thus the research questions are formulated as the following: Dimension of Context How do the English teachers at Indragiri Hilir Regency develop their own curriculum based on schools desires, students needs and local needs? How do they implement and integrate all aspects of KTSP into their lesson plan and teaching? Dimension of Input How does the Indragiri Hilir Education Ministry assist the schools in developing their teachers capability in implementing KTSP? Dimension of Process How is the implementation of KTSP in Junior High School, Senior High Schools and Madrasah at Indragiri Hilir Regency Riau? How do they (Schools and teachers) evaluate its implementation? Dimension of Product How are the results of KTSP implementation? What is the effect of KTSP implementation on students competence in English (Impact of teachers creativities in designing their own curriculum development) CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Literature Review As the latest curriculum on 2006 which is derived from KBK (CBC-Competence-Based Curriculum, 2004), KTSP becomes a new breakthrough in the history of Indonesian education curriculum, which to progress its development to down-top approach. Contextually, KTSP develop by any groups or committees of the education unit or school/madrasah those under coordination and supervision of the National Indonesian Education Ministry and Local Indonesian Education Ministry. It emphasizes on developing the ability to perform competences and tasks with specific standards, so the results affect the students on mastery of a set of specific knowledge competencies, and values used in many fields of life. Indeed, KTSP is the curriculum that reflects the knowledge, skills and attitudes and also refers to the concept of education in turning to improve students potentialities. Moreover, according to historical records, following the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, the Dutch language was replaced by English as the first foreign language, and has been recognized as such in Indonesia since 1955 (Alisjabana, 1976; de Han, 2003 as cited in Mochtar Marhum, n.d.). Since the 1980s, English has been considered to be the most important foreign language in Indonesia. The governments and communitys interest in English has been growing since the early 1990s (Alwasilah, 1997). This position of English can be traced from government documents on the results of Parliaments meetings. In the GBHN (The Guidelines of the State Policy) 1983 and 1988, foreign language policy was not incorporated. However, in the GBHN 1993, the policy on foreign languages, particularly English, was clearly stipulated. The policy related to the use and mastery of English. In 1988, Government Regulation No. 55, 56 and 57/1988 changing Government Regulation No. 28, 29/990 was introduced. It confirmed the use of English in schools. Moreover, Government Regulation of No 57/1957/1988 confirmed the use of English as a foreign language and as a means of communication in the university. Subsequently, it was incorporated into Government Regulation No 60/1999 on the use of English in all higher education. Alwasilah (1997) suggested that the need for mastery of English in the globalization era was absolutely necessary. In addition, it would be ideal if the mastery of English became the mastery of second language (p. 89). Yet, the uniqueness of this KTSP hopefully brings the new education model to the success of Indonesian education. The development of a KTSP is a new phenomenon for the school community in Indonesia, consequently, in the early stage of its implementation some obstacles were found in a number of schools. The freedom of schools to create their own curriculum which is relevant with the needs of students cannot be fully implemented (Harry Burhanudin, 2008). The general model of it which is being developed as a model and fully adopted by a number of schools has tended to cause a similar curriculum among schools as to what was being implemented in the centralistic era. The change in the role of schools from curriculum implementer to curriculum developer has made the school community confused. The capacity of school community to analyze the conditions and needs of the students and implement them in school curriculum needs to be further improved. Therefore, school assistance through professional development programs provided for the head teachers and teachers in the context of this kind of school based curriculum is still considered important for several years to come. In line with the school assistance, capacity building of the educational management in autonomous regions (regency/municipality) managing the curriculum development still remains to be completed A number of studies have been carried out to investigate KTSP implementation; a study conducted in 2008 in Jambi province of Indonesia revealed (Sutrisno Nuryanto, 2008) that KTSP to all levels (Elementary Schools, Junior and Senior High Schools) having less applicable in term of (a) KTSP developmental preparation, (b) syllabus development, (c) teachers self development, (d) integrated learning, (e) local content development, (f) outcomes assessment, and (g) report process (p. 27). As such the issue above, implementation in this context leads to the true readiness of Jambi province in anticipating of changes toward educational paradigm from a previously centralized to decentralized model. For example, KTSP which was launched in late 2006 gave more emphasis on school autonomy through developing their own curriculum according to local needs and wisdom. This means Indonesian curricula is no longer centralized nationally and it is mandated under Indonesian Regulation No. 22 legislated in 1999 by the republic of Indonesia (R.I). Regarding local government, decentralization implies that the authority to implement and manage education shall be transferred from the national government to local districts or municipal government levels. At this point Sutrisno and Nuryanto (1998) also asserted that the teachers rules as facilitator in KTSP elements have not been working as the schools and committees expectations. Furthermore, on different angle was reported as in the following: The real condition shows that the paradigm shift is not necessarily accompanied by better result. A number of problems still advance in Jambi while on level of provinces, cities and countries. First, not all sectors which are directed to educational policy have human resources competent to formulate the technical policy and its implementation. Second, the increasingly of dominant political intervention in determining of policy and implementation, contextually in line with the trend of autonomy, bureaucratic chain is very closely possible to having dominantly power to education. (Sutrisno Nuryanto, 1998 p. 24). In a sense, it is important to consider the argument rose on where the KTSP developed, Endo viewed from this perspective that KTSP is similar to the concept of School-Based Curriculum Development (SBCD) in Australia which had begun to set on the mid-1970s, the discourse was in essence of giving more freedom in determining the curricula by the schools members (Endo, 1997). SBCD has several characteristics that are generally similar to SBC development in Indonesia, proved on through the participation of teachers, participation of the whole or part of school staffs; range of activities including selection (choice of a number of alternative curriculum), adaptation (modification of existing curriculum), and creation (designing a new curriculum); responsibilities transformation from centralist to decentralist (not terminating of responsibilities) and a continuation process among the community and stake-holders (to assist teachers and schools). Other studies have indicated, however, Indonesian KTSP is not derived from SBCD in Australia. Wachyu (2009) argued KTSP is having the differentials factors from SBCD in Australia, KTSP is an integrated curriculum combining between the Top-Down and Bottom-Up approach that was being confirmed in USPN (Legislation of Indonesian National Education Standard) on chapter X, article 36 and 37. USPN revealed that Indonesian curriculum development is based on National Education Standard (SNP) and considerately pay attention on learners potential diversities, schools diversities and local needs. Chapter 38 also states that the structure and framework of the curriculum of primary and secondary schools are determined by the government. Therefore, KTSP was divided into core (subjects tested nationally) and local subjects that are developed by each educational unit based on the assessment of its potential, including the content to develop learners personality and potential based on his interest in the form of extra-curricular activities. While SBCD in Australia tend to apply bottom-up approach, the entire process and the stages of curriculum based on the potential school. As confirmed by Skillbeck (1991) that School based curriculum is a process when some or all members of a school take part on planning, implementation, and evaluation on the aspects or elements of the curriculum (Sklill beck, 1991, as cited in Wachyu, 2009, p. 2). Decentralized curriculum; such of designing, implementing and controlling (evaluation and improvement) carried out through locally by each educational unit, teachers who design its curriculum working together with experts, schools committee/madrasah and others part of society. KTSP development could include all components of the curriculum or some only, instead of compilation can be done by a group or all teachers with regard to the needs of each school in accordance with the conditions in each educational unit or its surrounding communities. KTSP will be more meaningful because of the different situations in a certain local condition that lead to the fulfillment of needs, demands and local development. It will produce a variety of design but is easier to understand, master and implement by teachers by virtue of their involvement in expanding KTSP. Particularly the center of curriculum by Indonesian Education Ministry (2007) has pointed out also the advantages and its shortcomings, the advantages are taking on (a) KTSP is accordance with the needs, conditions, and on diversities which every local communities have, auto assist in developing society, (b) easier to carry out due to the designs that have been prepared by teachers considering the local factors that really support to develop. Instead, it has also several shortcomings, (a) not all teachers have the expertise or skills in curriculum development then, not every local schools have the teachers or an expert that proficiently in developing such of it, (b) with content being localized, the graduate can have lack of ability to participate in national competitiveness, (c) various designs that lead to the complexity of monitoring and evaluating in term of national learning outcomes, (d) transferring students from certain schools to another schools can cause difficulties (Cente r for the Development of Curriculum, 2007). Listen Read phonetically Recent reports have noted, 60 English teachers from junior and senior high schools spread of 24 regencies and cities in West Java Indonesia were being selected, most teachers who participated in this study had trained and socialized about KTSP (Wachyu Sundayana, 2009). Wachyu explored the research questions on (a) How are English teachers understanding about KTSP, (b) How are their perceptions on the development of KTSP, (c) What complexities were raising during implementing and developing its curriculum. This study showed the development of KTSP in every unit of education especially junior high schools and MTs (Madrasah) in West Java is still not in line with the stages of development as suggested in the guidelines of BSNP (Institution of National Education Standard). Data collection showed most teachers (74%) know what KTSP was, but they were not clear to what function they have in practice, implement and develop KTSP; for the same reason Faizah and Ismono investigated the readiness of chemistry teachers in Bangkalan district of Madura and found that Chemistry teachers from five schools were not ready to apply, the percentage just reached on 60% (Faizah Ismono, 2008, as cited in Yuli Eko Siswono, n.d). Simultaneously with the finding of Wachyu Sundayana study, the complexities on its implementation concluded as follows: (a) lack of supporting facilities of the schools, (b) incompleteness of KTSP guidance received by teachers, (c) KTSP guideline was not detailed and clear, (d) teachers understanding on KTSP documents. These data are consistent with the finding of research conducted by Miftahul Jannah (2008) showing teachers abilities are low in developing syllabus and lesson plan; most of respondents (75%) stated about their inabilities in developing syllabus but just copying and duplicating the examples from BSNP without having a preliminary investigation throughout students potentials and schools needs. Most of interviewing respondents admit to their complexities in making a good syllabus and lesson plan lines with the students and schools needs. This fact showed that teachers having many difficulties in developing varieties stages on KTSP (Miftahul Jannah, 2008, as cited in Wachy u Sundayana, 2009. p. 7). Regarding Riau province, whole schools on current educational year 2009/2010 are progressing to adapt KTSP, such socialization have always done, it felt as complexity because the entire process of transforming from being centralize to decentralized was not much understand by some teachers, referring to the function of teachers on KTSP, teachers are together with schools members to develop KTSP based on students potential and local needs (UUD No. 20 year 2003/article 37). In fact, it is of utmost importance to examine what we could learn from prior and present efforts to bring about the strategies that are currently progressed by BSNP to help every educational unit in developing its curriculum. Harianti (2008) explained although the authority of national curriculum development has changed, it is not making a sense for curriculum center to lose their jobs, the task change progressively to assist schools to prepare their own respective curricula. Furthermore, Harianti pointed out the job responsibility does not seem to be easy where there are a large number of schools in Indonesia contains 43.461 (elementary schools), 12.731 (junior high schools), 4.499 (senior high school) and 2.655 (vocational high schools), yet, not including Early Childhood education, Extraordinary Schools and Madrasah (Harianti, 2008). It does not allow for curriculum center helps one by one, there should be a strategy then schools can develop their own curricula. The expectation is that they can develop a curriculum, becoming true backbone in improving local human resources through education in national or even in international competitiveness. Empowering the schools and community in developing KTSP done through a technical assistance, both at the provincial level as well as at the level of district/city, at the provincial level expected to present a TPK (Curriculum Development Team) whose responsibility to provide the information and give assistance on the development of KTSP to TPK at the district level. Empowering at the provincial level such as Riau is concentrated in the area of curriculum development till the teams performing evaluation and monitoring its implementation based on their own respective regions, beside at the district level is concentrated on the ability of the team to perform in school curriculum development assistance. KTSP where commonly known as school based curriculum gone to be discussed for a long, the broad study of Marsh Collin (1990) on their final finding of School based curriculum development had suggested through sub of specifics SBCD issues: The key actors involved in political decisions about schooling in their respective countries tend to use several terms to describe or promote their efforts. Such term include quality of schooling, school-improvement, school-focused improvement, self-managing school, and many others. Be that as it may, there are a number of interesting issues about SBCD and (its synonyms) which are currently of considerable interest and are likely to remain so in the immediate future. They include: The role of parents and students in decision making Financial management by schools Professional development for teachers Teacher appraisal School evaluation Pressure of tightening central control (Marsh Colin, 1990, pp. 206-207) The Curriculum center in its official website released about the uniqueness of KTSP implementation in term of diversity of schools needs, although the two junior high schools are located in the adjacent neighborhood both were very much different in term of pupils conditions. The A school whose current learners come from upper and middle class of socio-economic level had high academic achievement; all of them want to continue on to university. On the other hand, the B school where the majority of learners come from disadvantaged of socio-economic groups planned to graduate soon and earning money is a primary goal of schooling. Both of these two schools will develop a very different curriculum. School A will focus on studies with higher order thinking that enables learners to have high academic thinking in leading them to continue university, while school B will enrich the subjects with several activities that cultivate the skills to work so that learners feel a sense of great benefici al skills after graduating from school B. Many researchers have investigated KTSP, Specifically on its implementation, based on the reviewing above some researchers had focused on the effectiveness on its evaluation based on the real phenomenon which occurred in the real situation of the schools, the writer although cannot find the way of their investigation by using several methods of curriculum evaluation models, where known on several studies like Glatthorn Allan, Floyd Bruce (2006) studied in their books that curriculum evaluation should be concerned with assessing the value of a program studies, a field of studies, and a course of study, furthermore, they argued of all these three levels of curriculum work are important. Hereafter, the evaluation models of curriculum as best known are practical such as: Tylers Objectives-Centered Model, Stufflebeams Context-Input-Process-Product Model, Scrivens Goal-Free Model, Stakes Responsive Model and Eisners Connoisseurship Model (Glatthorn, Floyd Bruce, 2006 pp. 302-306). For further study, the writer will focus on the evaluation model developed by Stufflebeams on Context-Input-Process-Product Model 1971. The context-input-process-product (abbreviated as CIPP) model, has several attractive features, namely: its emphasis on decision making seems appropriate for administrators concerned with improving curricula, its concern for the formative evaluation remedies. However the CIPP model has some associated drawbacks; its main weaknesses seems to be its failure to recognize the complexity of the decision making process in organizations. It assumes more rationality than exists in such situations and ignores the political factors that play a large part in these decisions (Glatthorn et al., 2006). Definition of the Terms Several operational definitions used by the researcher to conduct and focus on this study are as follows: Curriculum The original derivation of the word curriculum is from the Latin verb currere, to run; curriculum, a diminutive form, came to mean a racing chariot or race track (David Pratt, 1994, p. 5). Curriculum also can be defined as prescriptive, descriptive, or both. Ellis explained that Prescriptive definitions provide us with what ought to happen, and they more often than not to take the form of plan, an intended program, or some kind of expert opinion about what needs to take place in the course of study (Glatthorn et al., 2006, pp . 3-5). According to the Indonesian Institution of National Education Standards (2006) curriculum is a set of plans and rules about the goals, content, teaching materials, and the methods used to guide the implementation of instructional activities on achieving certain educational goals, its certain goals include the national education goals in accordance with the local potential