Representation Of Love In A Midsummer Night Dream

In A Midsummer’s Night Dream, love is represented in many ways, but the overall representation of love is how fake and sophisticated it is. We can see in the play that love isn’t a conscious choice but a cruel game. The characters perfectly display how sophisticated and powerful love is, yet it is also confusing. Specifically, the relationship between Theseus and Hippolyta has no pure love involved in it. Theseus had to capture the Amazons in order to marry Hippolyta, which means he doesn’t have any real feeling towards Hippolyta. There are many aspects of how this complex or fake or forced love is represented. In the play we can quarrel about the complex and sophisticated element of love, why fake love is the most important representation†¦show more content†¦When we are introduced to Titania and Oberon we are also introduced to a dispute they are having. Give me that boy, and I will go with thee, but Titania refuses and leaves (2.1.128). Titania confer s the problems going on in the forest, but Oberon is only interested in the changeling boy. Oberon’s selfishness cause his love for Titania a problem. Towards the end when he finally gains possession of the boy Oberon states, And now I have the boy, I will undo/ This hateful imperfection of her eyes: (4.1.46) Therefore, he loves Titania only because he has gotten possession of the boy and that is not a sign of easy going love but only selfishness. Hence, these three instances, state how eminently complex and sophisticated love is in the play. We see a lot of examples of fake or forced love throughout the play that make fake love an assertive representation of love throughout the book. Firstly, Hermia’s father Egeus is forcing her to marry Demetrius, while she wants to marry Lysander. â€Å"You can endure the livery of a nun, for aye to be in shady cloister mewed, to live a barren sister all your life.† (1.1.70-73) Theseus gave her three options to die, marry Demetrius, or become a widow. She refuses and runs away with Lysander to his aunt’s house. In this example, we can see Hermia is forced to love someone she does not. Another example of forced love can be seen when Oberon enchants Demetrius after seeing him be abhorrent towards Helena. So, sinceShow MoreRelatedEssay on Analysis of Rationality In A Midsummer Nights Dream1058 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream is not simply a light-hearted comedy; it is a study of the abstract. Shakespeare shows that t he divide between the dream world and reality is inconstant and oftentimes indefinable. 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Free Printable Titanic Worksheets and Coloring Pages

Racial Profiling And The Right For Police Officers

We all come from a particular ethnic background. It is what makes us unique; it helps identify ourselves amongst the billions of people in the world. However, does the previous history of your race or ethnicity grant the right for police officers to profile you? That question is countlessly being debated amongst American citizens and even top government officials. Racial profiling is a subject that has stirred up so much controversy in the past that it still hasn t been fully resolved to this day. To put into historical context, periods of American history as the Jim Crow era, segregated colored people by regarding them as second-class citizens and restricted them from access to specific public facilities. The justification of racial†¦show more content†¦He says, Numerous studies, data collection, and individual anecdotes confirm that law enforcement agents continue to rely on race, color or national or ethnic origin as a basis for subjecting people to criminal investigation s,(Parker). He argues that correlating suspicious criminal activity mainly off an ethnicity is retroactive in a proactive society. What Parker means is that as a country, we should be trying to move forward, yet we are still stuck debating on a concept that should be fairly straightforward morally. On the other hand, Heather Mac Donald, an esteemed American political commentator from the Manhattan Institute argues that the ground of racial profiling is proactive policing. Mac Donald believes that there is no credible evidence that profiling is a disastrous problem within the police department. She backs up her claim by emphasizing that most complaints of racial profiling come from the ethnicities where crime is the most abundant. Given the racial disparities in crime commission, the police cannot provide protection to neighborhoods that most need it without generating racially disproportionate enforcement, (Mac Donald), says Mac Donald. Parker and Mac Donald take a very different approach to racial profiling, but their major concerns may be closer than it initially appears. They can find common ground in their quest to see crime rates and citizen discomfort decrease. Both sides can find a middle

Global Warming And Climate Change - 1685 Words

Global warming and climate change are very hot topics right now. Many are concerned with this issue. It is constantly in the news and being talked about. One issue that always arises is the rising sea levels. I decided to look more into the issue and see how bad it could affect us. I also wanted to learn the biology and how rising sea levels work. In order to understand how rising sea levels will affect us, we need to understand what the issue is and what is causing it. The article â€Å"Rising Sea Levels May Disrupt Lives of Millions, Study Says† which was published in the New York Times says that a new study says that more than 13 million could be misplaced because of a rise in sea levels which is due to greenhouse gas emissions. This is†¦show more content†¦So what are greenhouse gasses? Greenhouse gasses are gasses that block heat from escaping. The earth is heated from the sun but some of that heat bounces off of earth surface and goes back into the atmosphere. It should continue leaving the planet, however, the gasses block it and keep it inside the atmosphere. This leads to a higher temperature on earth. Some of the excess gasses are natural but some come from humans. There are many gasses that can cause the warming earth including: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarb ons along with others. Nitrous oxide is one that is found in fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion which are all caused by humans. Chlorofluorocarbons are synthetic compounds that are made and used for industrial purposes. Since all the earth is getting warmer, the oceans will become warmer and it will also melt glaciers and other ice. This will increase the sea level. It is important to note that some of causes to the warming global temperature are caused by the sun, but a lot of it is still done by humans (Climate, 2016). Melting of glaciers and ice sheets creates an issue with the sea level and also has other impacts. Scientist have been looking at glaciers and ice sheets over the last several decades and have seen that many of them have been melting quickly. Scientist have studied the ice sheet in Greenland which they have seen it

An examination of the way two 20th Centuary Film Directors have interpreted Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

An examination of the way two 20th Centuary Film Directors have interpreted Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay Many Film Directors have produced versions of Shakespeare Plays. Some have succeeded some not. This is a study of how Franco Zefferelli and Baz Luhrmann have interpreted and dealt with the problems of presenting William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet to a modern audience. The language that Shakespeare wrote in is known as archaic old. This was a huge barrier for the Directors and it is interesting how they dealt with it. Zefferelli sets his version in the 14th Centuary. With the costume and setting in this style you expect the actors to speak in 14th century English and it makes the play/film easier to understand. Luhrmann uses a lot of imagery to compliment the words. An example of this is during the Ball Scene there is a famous speech between Romeo and Juliet where Romeo pictures Juliet as a saint and himself as a pilgrim wishing to worship at her shrine. Lurhmann has set this scene as fancy dress and Juliet is depicted as an Angel whereas Romeo is a knight as in the crusades or a Knights Templar. Many people nowadays think that Shakespeare is unimportant to modern life. They think that his work is out of date and boring. This is a huge problem to a director. BL overcame this by using very popular actors and actresses, set in a futuristic present day, with black actors in the cast and very radical imagery of gang warfare, a drug culture and relation to the inner city problems of today. It is possible that Luhrmann was alluding to the huge success of West Side Story, made in 1959, and the only musical version to date. This was street violence of rival gang with the hatred based on race. Zefferelli gets over this by using younger actors and being (for the era) very radical. There is the inclusion of a sex scene with a subtle but obvious inclusion of nudity, the wedding night, which for the time was shocking and got the film a non-child classification from the Censors. Again earlier in the film Juliet leans very provocatively over the balcony, wearing a low cut corset that would not have been in any original stage direction in the 16th Century. Act 1 Scene 1 In this scene, servants of both Houses meet in the market place. They start a fight that turns into a civil brawl that grows to involve the whole town. The Prince arrives, declares that if there is another fight the participants will be executed. If you ever disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace The Directors have a lot of freedom for this scene as Shakespeare uses only one stage direction they fight Even though they have a lot of freedom in the way of stage directions the words that Shakespeare uses hold a lot of meaning. There are many important quotes used. Benvolio shows his peaceful character immediately. His first lines are part fools, you know not what you do! and I do but keep the peace, whereas Tybalt declares his ferocity Turn thee Benvolio and look upon your death and his infamous speech What, drawn and talk of peace? I hate the word as I hate hell, all Montagues and thee. Have at thee coward! Shakespeare is trying to get across the idea of the childlike brawls, the honour of the Houses and the ability of an airy word to escalate into a civil brawl. Zefferelli This version is set in the 14th Centuary Market Place, with the hustle and bustle and noise of the time. This noise escalates during the fight and is heightened by the un-orderly clanging of the bells that will alert the watch. Zefferelli takes a very Normal and clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d view on the camera work and editing. As the action hots up the camera speeds up, as the action calms down the cameras slow down etc. In addition when Tybalt enters all you see is his feet then the camera slowly rises up his body, then zooms out, a common clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of the bad guy thus giving him a feeling of menace and apprehension showing us that we have something to worry about. After their fight has been broken up and on the entrance of the Prince, the screams, shouts, bells and chaos that has been the soundtrack for the scene drop to silence as the Prince bellows out his gloomy threats. Zefferelli uses the echo of the buildings in the square to make this more threatening. When the Prince enters we see the crowd from his point of view the camera is viewing along the horses back. This makes the characters seem small and insignificant as it he is relating to the fight. Luhrmann Luhrmann sets his version in modern day America. He has adapted the ways of Shakespeares families and brought them into the 21st century. He again may well be referring back to West Side Story in that the Capulets are Puerto Ricans, but they are not poor having made millions from oil (we know this because the fuel station has Capulet written all over it). Luhrmann also describes them by the way they are: They drive a very gothic Cadillac and they have strong Catholic/Hispanic roots. The clothes they wear, tight trousers, dark shirts, waistcoats and/or jackets show this. They also wear rosaries and have pictures of the Mother of Christ on the side panels of their guns. Tybalt also has a tattoo of a pierced heart on this chest. This is a very dramatic and religious symbol. The way they speak is also very unique and very evasive. Tybalt often talks in riddles or plays on words together with john Leguizamos (the actor) very husky voice, Tybalt is sly, cocky and over confident, as if he thinks he is better than the Montagues. The easy-going but troubled Montagues have been depicted as typical Americans loud, slightly overweight and fun loving. There mannerisms are simple though, this helps to describe them as innocent. Luhrmann has perceived them as the better family. Mistaken Identity in Twelfth Night EssayThroughout both films the music has repeating themes, which reoccur for good and bad times. This technique appears here picking up on bad music from earlier in the film. Luhrmann uses Mercutio to show the effect of the drugs. He interprets his speech when he is trying to cheer Romeo up and alludes to Queen Mab as if the Queen of the Fairies is in fact the drug he has in his hand. This is because the legend is that Queen Mab enters peoples minds and gives them dreams, as do hallucinogenic drugs. Taking into consideration that Luhrmann made his film right at the height of the rave scene where Ecstasy was the height of fashion this twist brings the action right up to date and may well shock and surprise viewers who are not of that crowd. Both films use a single singer to bring more atmosphere to the end of this scene. In keeping with the period Zefferelli uses a Castrati, but to be thoroughly 20th Centuary Luhrmann has a black soul singer in this place. Act 5 Scene 3 This is the final and famous scene where they both die. Friar Laurences plan to fake Juliets death and send word to the exiled Romeo so that they can escape to a new life together is thwarted by Friar Johns delay at the Boarder. Romeo instead receives word from Balthazar (who has no knowledge of the plan), to say that Juliet is dead. Romeo, in his grief, hurries to Verona with the plan to die with her. He commits suicide by Juliets body, she then recovers consciousness, sees Romeo dead beside her and therefore takes her own life. In this scene Shakespeare changes the story from a love story to a tragedy. The hatred, long established, between the elders of these two young lovers, has forced them to conceal their love, and undertake a risky plan to have a life together. The plan backfires causing loss, sadness and grief to both families. In this Shakespear is showing how minor arguments can turn to great hatred, and the waste of life. He also enforces the idea that it may take a massive tragedy to bring warring parties to their senses and bring peace too late for the victims. Franco Zefferelli uses every technique current at the time to make the death scene as sad a possible. The horror and shock shown by the people who find the bodies, the music and the slow, lingering camera work, together with misting of some of the shots all work together to emphasize the pathos and grief. He uses techniques that might seem outdated in the current age but were drawn from the golden age of cinema in the 1950s and 60s when a good cry was seen to be a requirement of a good film. The scene is, however, very sterilized. Although Romeo has taken poison, and Juliet has stabbed herself there is nothing ugly and very little blood. The film leaves an impression only of sadness, and not the horror that such a scene would give in reality. Lurhmann however goes out of his way to shock in this scene, which is not his usual style. Romeo arrives as part of a police chase, and takes a hostage as part of his desperation to get to the chapel. The Prince is chasing Romeo in a helicopter, with aggressive music and much background noise. When he gets to the Chapel and shuts the door the sound is muffled. Lurhmann uses light to great effect. The chapel is full of thousands of candles, with white material to emphasis light and innocence. This is referring to Shakespears own words in that he gives Romeo the lines she does make torches to burn bright when he is first describing Juliet. In increase the sadness Lurhmann makes fine adjustments to Shakespears stage direction. The author intended that Romeo was already dead when Juliet regains consciousness. In this version he has just swallowed the poison as he realizes that Juliet is still alive, and for a split second they are both aware of what has happened. The Director shows his talent in that there is no deviation from the original text, just the use of body language, close ups and facial expressions, and makes the whole scene far sadder than versions that stick to the original stage direction. The audience is left wishing that Romeo had arrived just a few minutes, even seconds later, and the tragedy would have had a happy ending. At the start of the scene, it is like an action movie. The camera work is fast and furious, with all the clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s of a police chase. This action adds to the feeling of desperation and need for speed that Romeo is suffering. This camera work stops and goes to the same camera long shot as he slams the door of the chapel. The contrast from many cameras, view angles and intensity to the single view, where it is the actor not the camera that moves, is used the show the feeling of relief and achievement that Romeo has in that he has made it to the chapel. The contrast is so strong that it is almost like a computer game, where he has achieved one level and has a distinct break before the next and hardest level. Conclusion. I believe that Shakespeare, if he was alive now would have liked parts of both. The Zefferelli version is much less of a culture shock but Lurhmanns is such a twist on the classic story that he would have appreciated it in a sort of why didnt I think of that! way. In its time Zefferellis version was a masterpiece, and still is, for the classical Shakespear scholar. However with the capabilities of modern television, and the understanding of modern life that the audience has, it appears dated. My personal preference is that of Lurhmanns. You as an adult may think that this is typical of a teenager, but I believe that it is because his version brings the emotions alive whereas Zefferellis version did that in its day but does not with a modern audience.

Early marriage Essay Example For Students

Early marriage Essay Early marriage is the marriage of children and adolescents below the age of 18. Causes:According to UNICEFs Innocenti Research Centre, the practice of marrying girls at a young age is most common in Sub-Saharan African and South Asia. There are specific parts of West Africa and East Africa and of South Asia where marriages before puberty are not unusual. However, the Centre also notes that marriage shortly after puberty is common among those living traditional lifestyles in the Middle East, North Africa and other parts of Asia. Marriages of female adolescents between sixteen and eighteen are common in parts of Latin America and Eastern Europe. As early marriage is widely practiced in developing countries, a global issue has arisen as to whether early marriage does really hinder self development due to the consequences it brings to young girls. The practice is believed to bring several benefits to some extent. However, the adverse effects it brings can impede the self-development of young adolescences in many aspects including health consequences, character building and education as well as career opportunities. 1. 2Purpose of Research The main purpose of this research is to discover students’ opinion about early marriage. Do they agree with early marriage or not. The second goal is to know whether early marriage brings either benefits or harms to students. Even though early marriage is already becoming a social norm in the third world countries the society still does not fully aware of this phenomenon. Thus the third goal of this research is to increase the awareness of the society regarding early marriage. 1. 3Method of Research For the purpose of this research, relevant information was obtained from internet and books. This report is divided into several parts such as background information, factors that lead to early marriage, advantages and disadvantages of early marriage, as well as either early marriage can impede self development of young adolescence or not. A set of questionnaire will be distributed to 35 SAM student of INTI International University College. Some of the questions are using 6-point Likert scale, as it is the best measurement scale to gain people’s response without anyone sitting on the fence (Faculty Senate Advancement of Teaching (AOT) Committee, 2004). An interview also will be conducted as part of the research techniques. 2. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT EARLY MARRIAGE. 1. Terms and Terminologies Oxford Advance Learners’ Dictionary (2006, page 481 and 941), defines early as near to the beginning of a period. Meanwhile, marriage means the legal relationship between a husband and wife. In short, early marriage means the legal relationship between a husband and wife at the beginning of their youth life. (Oyortey, N Pobi, S 2003) They also defines early matrimony as any marriage that take place before the party involved is at least 18 years old (Oyortey, N Pobi, S 2003). . Statistical Studies of Early Marriage 1. Prevalence of Young Marriage The practice of young marriage is most common in developing countries (United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2001). As reported by Joyce (2001), the analysis made by Demographic and Healthy Survey data shows the countries which face most cases of early marriage are Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asian regions. Among the countries that have high cases of young marriage, Niger is the most distinctively affected country with 88 percent of the women married before the age of 18. Adapted From: Joyce, L. F. , et al. (2001). Future Options Foreclosed: Girls Who Marry Early. Reproductive Health and Rights. 139-143. Retrieved January 25, 2008, from the World Wide Web: http://www. path. org/files/RHR-Article-14. pdf. 3. Major Factors That Lead to Early Marriage The reasons leading to the immense number of youngsters that marry in most developing countries varies. Poverty is one of the main factors underpinning early marriage (Joyce, 2001). A young girl is regarded as an economic burden to a poor family, thus early marriage is considered as a strategy for economic survival. A recent study of five very poor villages in Egypt shows that young girls are being married off to much older men from oil-rich Middle Eastern countries for family survival (UNICEF, 2001). Besides, early marriage is one way to vouch that a girl is secured from physical and sexual harassments (UNICEF, 2001). Many parents from different beliefs and customs regard that early marriage is essential to safeguard their daughters from these abuses. For instance, some families in Northern Uganda encourage their young girls to marry militia members in order to secure protection (UNICEF, 2001). Furthermore, as reported by Mathur in her report, they emphasized that gender roles is one of the main causes of the occurrence of early matrimony. (Mathur, S, et al 2003) A study conducted shows that in major culture of the developing countries, the transition age of a girl from children to adulthood are not meant for them to find their own personality. Whereas, all the experience they gain during the time span of being adolescence are only for them to be prepared for matrimony (Mathur, S, et al 2003) Additionally, another factor that contributes to early spousal elationship is because of the fear that the girl may lose her virginity before she gets married since many regard it as the paramount attribute to a girl’s esteem. (Mathur, S, et al 2003) A survey had revealed that early marriage was considered as a solution of pregnancy outside of marriage. (Huq and Amin, 2001 as cited in Mathur S et al, 2003) And in the third world countries, marriage shortly after puberty is commo n among those living traditional lifestyles (Joyce, 2001). 2. Opponents’ Views Against Early Marriage 3. 1 The Denial of Education The opposition of early marriage believed that early marriage denies the right of young adolescents especially for female to the education they postulate for self-development. In traditional societies, the investment for a girl’s education is thought to be wasted as the girl is going to marry and stay at home doing household chores (UNICEF, 2001). For instance, Demographic Health Survey data collected from Bangladesh, Nepal, Indonesia, and Kazakhstan had shown a clear link between marriage and withdrawal from school (UNICEF, 2001). A girl will drop out from school, if a good marriage prospect arises (UNICEF, 2001). Because of the early end of female education, they will have constricted chances of enhancing skills and acquiring knowledge, restricting their economic and career opportunities (Joyce, 2001). This is because withdrawal from school will results in functionally illiterate and unskilled women causing them to have no perceivable part in many professional field. 2. Health and Reproduction Problem Those who are not in the favour of early marriage had argued that early childbearing which always occurs in early marriage endanger the lives of both the mother and her baby (Joyce, 2001). The early pregnancy increases the risk of complications and dying during delivery. A report shows that the risk of death due to pregnancy-related cases is doubled among women aged from 15 to 19 compared to adult women (Adhikari, 2006). They further stressed that these girls are also more susceptible to sexually-transmitted diseases (UNICEF, 2001). A girl is physiologically more inclined to contracting HIV/AIDS, based on the idea stating that a girl vagina is still not yet well protected with protective cells and her cervix may be more easily eroded (Oyortey, N Pobi, S 2003). For instance, in some of the worst affected African countries, teenage girls are being infected at a rate of five to six times greater than those of young men (Oyortey, N Pobi, S 2003). 3. Psychosocial Disadvantages When early marriage takes place, the girl will be confronted by some, if not many, emotional stress. Sociologists suggested that this is due to their confinement at home because of the endless household chores hence denying them of their freedom (UNICEF, 2001). Most of the girls that are affected by the aforementioned situation will eventually have negative effects on their emotional well being. An Indian research conducted in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh found that the spouses of early marriage usually suffered from great psychosocial damage (UNICEF, 2001). Another concern raised by the opponents is that the young girl loses her social life outside her family cycle and this will affect her chances of cultivating her own identity (UNICEF, 2001). The most important implication of this is that her self-esteem is silently hindered from being developed and this will make her vulnerable to sexual and physical violence. In Eastern Africa for instance, a young wife has no rights to refuse sex to her husband even though her partner is suspected with HIV (UNICEF, 2001). 4. 0 Proponents’ Views on Early Marriage 4. 1 Health Benefits The proponents believed that body functions are more effective and healthy at early stage in life. For women, the body is particularly geared towards reproduction during early adulthood (Orsi, 2001). Early marriage is beneficial because desire and energy from young couples produce healthy offspring. The Tempest and Dreams EssaySome of the cases were caused by love and arranged marriage but it is not as significant as compared to the cases that are caused by premarital sex. Sex outside of legal marriage is the major contributor to early marriage. He added that in Malaysia, a few steps have been taken by the government in order to reduce the problem. Under Malaysian Law, youngsters who want to get married must be at least 18 years old for male and likewise 16 years old for female and both of them must have permission from the court. Also, for Muslim, Malaysian government will provide them with courses regarding marriage, before and after marriage. This is to enhance the relationship between those who had married so that divorcement can be somewhat prevented. When Encik Eizzul was asked this particular question, â€Å"which one is more important, practising early marriage in order to hold back the teenagers from committing sin or not practising it due to the consequences it bring? †, he answered it depends on the youngsters itself. But from his point of view, some Muslim scholars had agreed that it is permissible to the teenagers to masturbate, only after he or she had tried to control himself or herself but still cannot put their sexual desire on hold. But still, by doing this, it is far much better than getting married and then put a hole on the family institution, hence leads to social deterioration. Encik Eizzul also expresses his disagreement towards the statement â€Å"early marriage restrict the bride’s mobility and cause them to less socialize. † The term socialize has a big meaning and not only restricted to social life with bachelors only. There are a lot of organizations for married women such as organizations for mothers, organization for wives and many others. So, based on his explanations, the statement is not quite true. Finally, Mr Eizzul ‘Ala concluded that early marriage brings more harm than good to youngsters nowadays because of unhealthy consequences that it brings to them. 8. 0 Conclusion In short, the practice of early marriage in our society today does hinder personal development of individuals in terms of health, character building and intellectual qualities. First, a girl is more susceptible to diseases and complications when sex intercourse takes place between the spouses occur at an early age. Early pregnancies followed by childbearing can also bring harm to the girl by increasing the risks of dying and complications during delivery. The loss of mobility and social life due to the early marriage will result in lack of self esteem and great emotional stress. In addition, limited education is obvious among those who marry early. The findings, which is the interview and survey that had been conducted has a contradict results with my hypothesis. Most of the respondents as well as the person that I had interviewed disagree with early marriage. This is maybe because of the background of my respondents. Majority of them were Chinese so they may have different way in viewing this matter. Parenting skills may have a great impact to the children in seeing the world. There are also some possibilities that the place where my respondents grew up affect the result. The value from urban area might be different with the value from rural area. Nonetheless, the results of my findings are in the same line with results from other research which is scholarly. Therefore, the practice of early marriage is proven to hinder personal development and should be reduced among young adolescents especially in developing countries with high incidence of young marriage. 9. 0 Bibliograph |Adhikari, R. K. (2006). Early Marriage and Childbearing: Risks and Consequences. | |62-64, (Online) Available from: www. ho. int/ reproductive-health/ publications/towards_adulthood/7. pdf. (Accessed: 14th January| |2008) | |Faculty Senate Advancement of Teaching (AOT) Committee, (February 2002). Available from: | |http://oregonstate. edu/dept/senate/agen/reports/aot. rep. html | |(Accessed:12th December 2007) | |Joyce, L. F. , et al. (2001). Future Options Foreclosed: Girls Who Ma rry Early. |Reproductive Health and Rights. 139-143. (Online) Available from: http://www. path. org/files/RHR-Article-14. pdf. (Accessed 25th | |January 2006) | |Judith K. M. , (n. d). Marriage A Thing of the Past? (Online) Available from http://www | |. islamonline. net/iol-english/dowalia/society-27-12/society1. asp. (Accessed 14th January 2008) | | | |Kermalli, Y G. , (May 2006). The Community on Friday Importance of Early Marriage in Islam (Online) Available from: | |http://www. worldfederation. org/ Secretariat/TConFri/Tconfri_EarlyMarriage. htm. (Accessed: 12th February 2008) | |Mathur, S et al (2003). Too Young To Wed, The Lives, Rights, and Health Of Young Married Girls. Available from: http://www. | |icrw. org/docs/tooyoungtowed | |_1003. pdf (Accessed: 19th October 2007) | |Orsi, M. P. (October, 2001). A Case for Earlier Marriage. (Online) Available from Ignatius Press: | |http://www. catholicculture. org. docs/. (Accessed 29th January 2008) | |Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary, 7th edition, English level: Upper- Intermediate to Advance, 2006, Sally | |Wehmeier,California, USA. (page 481 and 941) | | | |Oyortey, N. Pobi, S. , (2003). Early Marriage and Poverty. (Online) Available from | |http://www. eenet. org. uk/key_issues/gender/emarriage_poverty. pdf. (Accessed 27th November 2007) | | | |United Nation Children’s Fund. (2001). â€Å"The Impact of Early Marriage On | |Children and On Society†. Innocenti Digest 7- Early Marriage Child Spouses. | |(Online), March 2001. (Online) Available from: http://www. unicef-icdc. rg/publications/pdf/digest7e. pdf. (Accessed 3rd January | |2008) | 10. 0 Appendix 10. 1 Interview Question Interview Questions for Investigative Study: 1) Based on your personal experience handling the early marriage and divorc e cases between young couples, is early marriage gives more harm or benefit to the youngsters nowadays? 2) What are the factors that contribute to early marriage? 3) What can be done by the government to curb the practise of early marriage? ) From your opinion, which one is more important, practising early marriage in order to hold back the teenagers from committing sin or not practising it due to the consequences it bring? 5) Some people claims that marriage at an early age restrict women mobility and hence they will have fewer friends. They also tend to be stressful since they lost their happy-youth time and have to serve their husband at such age. How do you feel about this? 6) What are your personal views on the practise of early marriage among the adolescents? 10. 2 Survey Questions My name is Muhamad Nur Farhan Muhamad Fadzil; ID No: I 07007006. Currently I am studying South Australian Matriculation Programme at INTI International University College. I am conducting a survey regarding marriage at an early age for my English as Second Language Research Investigation Studies. I am concerned with the practice of early marriage at most of developing countries and its consequences towards young adolescents. I sincerely appreciate your cooperation in completing this questionnaire. All views will be kept confidential. 1. You are: Male Female 2. Age: _____ 3. Where is your hometown? Urban area. ] Rural area. 4. What is your race? Malay Chinese Indian Punjabi Others 5. How many siblings do you have? 1-2 None 3-4 Other (if any) 5-6 |Very important |Important |Neutral |Not important |Not important at all | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | 6. How vital is it for you to graduate from university? 7. When do you think is the best time to get married? ] Now After tertiary education After high school Don’t know During tertiary education Never |Strongly agree |Agree |Somehow agree |Somehow |Disagree |Strongly agree | | | | |disagree | | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 | Please select and circle the response category that best represents your reaction to each statement 8. Marriage can change a person for the better. How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements when adolescents marry at 18 or younger? They would Strongly Agree Somehow Somehow Disagree Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Disagree 9. Have more friends. 1 2 3 4 5 6 10. Face health problems (early 1 2 3 4 5 6 Childbearing, early pregnancy, HIV and AIDS). 11. Not need for education. 1 2 3 4 5 6 12. Have financial problems. 2 3 4 5 6 13. Have more marital stressors. 1 2 3 4 5 6 14. Have too many family 1 2 3 4 5 6 responsibilities and no time for education. For question no 16, if you agree, please proceed to the next question, if you disagree, please proceed to question 21. 15. Do you have any experience regarding early marriage? (Yourself, relatives or friends) No Yes, please describe the experience__________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ________________ ____________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 16. How long does the couple’s relationship survive? _______ Years. 17. Is the couple happy with their situation now? Yes. No. please states the reasons. ____________________________________________________________ ________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________________ 18. When the couple decides to get married early, are there any obstacles? No Yes 19. What are the obstacles? Parent’s disagreement Financial constraints Others. (Please states the obstacles below) ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________________ 20. In your opinion, do you agree or disagree with early marriage? (Please express your opinion) ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _______ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _______________ _____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________