Conduct a Literature Review Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Conduct a Literature Review - Coursework Example Once each school is adequately funded, they might not find it challenging to support all their curricular and co-curricular activities much easily. However, many schools are not able to effectively discharge their roles mainly because of poor management of the available resources. Many schools have been, in the past, found to have misused their resources. Unknown to them, failure to be accountable for the school funds has had detrimental effects on the teaching and learning processes in these schools. Surprisingly, it is the school administrators who have been accused of engaging in such immoral and illegal acts. Instead of complying with their school budgets, they do choose to ignore and instead divert school funds to their personal uses. The sensitivity of this matter has attracted lots of scholars to conduct several researches aimed at unveiling these acts and helping to come up with measures that can be used to ultimately resolve it. Despite these attempts, a lot still need to be done to bridge the existing gap. In my research, I will have to carry out an extensive review on a lot of secondary resources that might be releva nt to my studies. To emphasize on the important contribution of management skills in public schools, Schultz & Shultz (2010) and Martindale (2011) state that self-discipline is paramount. In their opinion, a leader should always be ready to restraint themselves and refrain from any activity that might hinder the progress of their organizations. This view is supported by Gomez-Mejia (2008) who acknowledges that management is not a simple task because it does not only involve human, but also non-human resources. The findings of these scholars can be of much value if applied in this research. Management skills are necessary for the success of any public school in the country. Despite training as teachers, school heads should be equipped with managerial skills. These can be of

School Lunches Essay Example for Free

School Lunches Essay Studying at school takes much energy from millions of students all over the world. Pupils spend at school approximately 8 hours per day. Therefore many pupils have chronic illnesses, according to that 80 % of school leavers are limited in a profession choice. These problems arise due to malnutrition in school canteens. Consequently this problem worried minds of society. The aim of the report is to explore level of food which submit in Latvia and other camps of the world. â€Å"We can do a tremendous amount of good for kids across the country if we change school lunches,† says Chef Ann Cooper, the self proclaimed â€Å"renegade lunch lady†. Chef Ann Cooper is a celebrated author, chef, educator, and enduring advocate for better food for all children (Insite, 2010) It was established that one of the causes of various â€Å"school† diseases such as dental caries, stunting, disease of the gastrointenstinal tract as well as obesity occur due to the poor quality of food, which is provided by the school administrators, assert Hutton (2011). The author claims that students who chose eating lunch which was proposed by school tended to have excess weight in comparison with those students who chose taking lunch from home. Read more:  Essay About School Canteen   As a rule, students prefer eating fatty meals, for instance, burgers, french fries, chips, drinking sugary lemonades than fruits, vegetables and drinking still water. (Suddath, 2009) It means that the school administration should ban to sell fast food which contain high level of fats. Lucy Komisar is an investigative reporter and author of articles in â€Å"The New York Times† newspaper contend, that schools get food for lunches free of charge from the Agricultural Department and then some schools cook it on site but unfortunately majority schools prefer to turn these qualitative and fresh products into fried chicken nuggets, fruit pastries and others. It means that food loses the nutrition qualities after being processed. Many schools continue to exceed the standards for fat, saturated fat and sodium. (Komisar 2011) The author consider that it occurs because the school administration aspires to save money, because they not want to pay a salary to kitchen workers. Such situation occurs at present in United States of America. The problem of unhealthy food is actual not only in United States of America, but also in European countries. The statistic shows that an obesity epidemic reigns in Great Britain as well, because 25% of young people being classified as obese or overweight (Oliver 2012). Oliver (2012) believes that a school meal is vital for children`s health,  because it is one-third of a child’s daily nutritional intake. It is badly that parents of some children are too busy to cook for their children or they cook – ready meals, thus the only one possibility to eat nutritious meal for children is a school canteen, notes Oliver. Hence government should do everything to encourage children to make healthy choice, otherwise â€Å"children will continue to suffer† wrote author. Finally, compare existing situation in Latvia. The government of Latvia banned to sale in the school canteens and kindergartens unhealthy food and beverages such as: ships, coloured fizzy drinks, dye – containing chewing gums, report Leta (2006). The author state that instead of lemonades school canteen offers more healthier drinks, such as fruit or vegetable juices, water or milk. Milk and dairy products contain many valuable nutrients – calcium and protein, which should be acquired by an organism in childhood and adolescence, recommend doctors. Latvian reform of transformation school`s food, shows good results. The research shows that majority of pupils consider that the most healthier food is dairy products, soups and grain as well, ascertained the research participants. Pupils admitted that at their daily diet there are many vegetables and fruit, which helps them to restore energy (Leta, 2012). Thus the situation in Latvia is encouraging that our children will be healthy and the most cleverer in the world.

Essay --

African-Americans, who only comprised 13% of regular drug users, made up for 35% of drug arrests, 55% of convictions, and 74% of people sent to prison for drug possession crimes. Also, three-fourths of all people incarcerated for drug offenses are either Black or Latino, the majority of illegal drug users are white. There is obviously something gone ridiculously wrong. Many African Americans that lived in the South were unable to vote, and even if they tried to, they had to pass literacy tests or even pay poll taxes. Also, places of employment were segregated as well; â€Å"White southerners refused to work under black supervisors and most white craftsmen strenuously opposed the hiring of African Americans in the skill trades† (Remembering 206). Kennedy states in his book that people of color were always â€Å"the last to get hired and the first to get fired† (Kennedy 113), so because of this it was extremely hard for African Americans to find employment or even keep a steady job due to discrimination they faced. This form of discrimination made it hard for African Americans to make a living for themselves during this time and is similar to how criminals are treated in today’s society. The practice of the Jim Crow Laws back during the 1870’s to the mid 1960’s is similar to how criminals are discriminated against today. Throughout America, prison inmates in 48 states, paroles in 33 states, and probationers in 29 states are not allowed to vote (Karjick). This is about 4.7 million Americans that are denied this right (Karjick). One may argue that the poor choices that these 4.7 million Americans have made make them untrustworthy to help make decisions for the country but labeling these people as criminals should not define ... ...ent opportunities, these children are forced to be raised in severe poverty. A theory that has been done by a researcher, who has been funded by the National Institutes of health, claims that the stresses of poverty can lead to impaired learning abilities in children (Stresses). The stress that is triggered by poverty is dangerous and can really affect our children’s future. The New Jim Crow system that has been redesigned in America leaves a lot of people with criminal backgrounds jobless and stuck in a second-class status. Discriminating against the criminals is morally wrong and it not only affects them but others such as their loved ones as well. â€Å"All men are created equal† is a famous phrase from The Declaration of Independence that America would like to believe, but it is clear that today’s society is unequal just based on how criminals are treated.

A Comparison of A Modest Proposal, Tartuffe, and Candide Essay

Writers use personality traits and events to change the classical ideals. Majority of the writer's focus is to change people's attitude's. Jonathan Swift, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin Moliere, Francois-Marie Arquet de Voltaire use characterization and plot to challenge the themes of the Neo-Classical period. In A Modest Proposal, Jonathan Swift challenges the Neo-classical period by creating a sense of instability in their way of thinking. He attacks the society by carelessly endorsing cannibalism in hopes to help Ireland through their economic crisis. He demonstrates this by humbly proposing and assuring "that a young healthy child, well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food." (Swift, 485) Implying that society should eat children shows that the individual (the child) is seen as an unimportant individual to society; therefore, is not valued when considering an effective resolution to their situation. This provides criticism to the Neo-Classical beliefs that society is more important than the individual. The Neo-Classic's logic and reasoning aspect is attacked by Swift's persuasion that eating a child is a valid response to help fix their oppression. His introduction clearly states that his purpose is" for Preventing the Children of poor People in Ireland, from being a Burden to their Parents or Country, and for making them beneficial to the Publick." (Swift 483) His reasoning for the proposal is ultimately satisfied through his sound thinking that evidently has nothing to do with his feelings about the matter. The narrator than proceeds to give the audience justification of his statement, and therefore attempting to challenge the Neo-Classic's fact that logic a... ...s. Dr. Pangloss's blind optimistic approach allows him to forget about the fighting that is occurring amongst people and he only sees love. Satirical approaches to writing were used to change the captivated way of thinking during the late 17th and 18th centuries. The Neo-Classic time period contributed in the expansion of people's view of life. Works Cited Swift, Jonathan. "The Norton Anthology of World Literature." A Modest Proposal. W.W> Norton & Company: New York and London, 2002. 483-489. Moliere, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin. "The Norton Anthology of World Literature." Tartuffe. W.W> Norton & Company: New York and London, 2002. 313-361. Voltaire, Francois-Marie Arquet de Voltaire. "The Norton Anthology of World Literature." Candide. W.W> Norton & Company: New York and London, 2002. 520-580.

Economic analysis of deposit insurance Essay

Federal deposit Insurance Corporation was an institution set by government back in 1930s to protect depositors fund held by bank. In the great depression of 1930 most depositors lost their fund following the collapse of many banks. After the stock market crash in 1929, financial market was adversely affected and by March 1933 more than 9,000 banks had already failed and this facilitated establishment of FDIC. Henceforth it has been evolving and finding alternative ways of insuring depositors fund against potential bank insolvency. FDIC guarantees a specific amount of deposit and checking for member banks. Since it establishment FDIC paid depositors in 1988 following the banking crisis fueled by high interest rate, inflation, recession and deregulation in the banking sector. More than 200 banks were in a liquidity problem and FDIC had to intervene to settle claims by depositors. Role of deposit insurance in the economy The main purpose of deposit insurance is to create financial stability in the economy. Majority of people did not bother to check whether their deposit was insured under deposit insurance but following the current financial crisis which started in mid 2007 which saw many banks and other company becoming insolvent most people are  Ã‚  increasingly becoming aware of the role and importance of deposit insurance in the economy. The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 temporarily increased the basic limit of deposit insurance from $100,000 to $250,000 (Robert, 2009). Advocates of free market view deposit insurance as part of government intervention in the market and criticize it on the basis that a competitive market is self regulating and will act to correct any deviation that occurs in the market. however the great depression of 1930s and the current financial crisis   has proved that the market is not always self regulating and therefore there is a need for government intervention as proposed by Keynes in order to correct deviation in the market. although the classical economist argued that   in a competitive market system price, wages and interest rate would automatically adjust to restore the economy to full employment levels there existed certain factors such as investment demand, money demand, union and monopoly power that inhibited the automatic mechanism assumed by classical writers. Keynes advocate for discretion fiscal policies given the failure of automatic forces as a counter cyclical device to oppose advance trends in business cycles. In period of massive unemployment and depression, expansionary fiscal policy was required by government to solve the problem in less time than automatic forces ever could (Stephen, 2008). Deposit insurance creates confidence among the public and avoid panic withdrawals as those occasioned in UK when information reached the public that northern bank was experiencing liquidity problem and many account holder were queuing to withdraw there money from the bank. During the current financial crisis where many bank were declared insolvent FDIC compensated many deposit holders who  would otherwise lost their deposit. This not only helps to maintain financial stability but also improve economic growth (Robert & George, 2006). Where people receive compensation they will be able to increase the level of spending on goods and services. This increase in aggregate demand forces supplies to increase output in order to satisfy the growing demand. Supplies will in turn require additional input in term of labor, material and capital which reduces unemployment and increase economic growth.   The graph below indicates the role that deposit insurance can play during economic crisis for instance the current financial crisis.

Famous Person Speech Essay Example

Famous Person Speech Essay Example Famous Person Speech Essay Famous Person Speech Essay Good evening everyone, my name is Joe Ferguson and this is my famous person speech. Was born August 5th, 1937 in a small town know as Saint Paul, Minnesota. I spent my childhood learning to play ice hockey and before long, my school, Johnson High school won the 1 955 state hockey championship. This accomplishment further ignited my drive to learn and advance in the game of hockey. I graduated high school in 1 955 and moved on to play for the University of Minnesota Gophers from 1955 to 1959. Following my college career I tried out for the 1 960 mens Olympic hockey team, but unfortunately kissing the final spot on the roster; however, that did not deter me from trying again to play in the Olympics. Kept my persistence of enhancing my attributes in hockey, participating in multiple US nation league games, and in 1964, at the age of 27, I finally got my chance to play in the Olympics for the United States of America. A few years later I retired as a player, but could not leave the game of hockey behind me, taking a head coaching position at the University of Minnesota where I quickly won three NCAA national championships in 1 974, 76 and 79. Soon after winning my third National Hampshire, I was asked to coach the Mens Olympic Ice hockey team for the 1980 Olympics held in Lake Placid, New York. Hand-picking my own team I achieved my greatest accomplishment winning the gold medal. Moving on from the 1 980 Olympic Games, moved out to Switzerland to coach a group of men out there for about a year before getting the opportunity to come back to the Elicited States and coach for the Nils New York Rangers in 1 981 through 1985. My coaching career bounced around the National Hockey League before ending in Pittsburgh, coaching for the Penguins in the year 000. : Moving away from the head coaching position, stayed involved in the Penguins organization doing scout work up until August 1 1 , 2002 when I nodded off at the wheel, hitting a tree a resulting in my death. Was a couple days over 66 years old at the time of my death.

buy custom “The Alchemist” is Successful for a Reason essay

buy custom â€Å"The Alchemist† is Successful for a Reason essay People are fond of The Alchemist because they love fairy-tales, and this novel resembles one. However, besides the bright and interesting plot, the novel is full of philosophical ideas. These ideas seem to be simple, but people do not think about them in everyday life. I think that this novel is so successful because the ideas that it contains are rather insightful, and a reader can easily connect them with the events in his or her life. According to Coelho (1992), people believe that there are moments in their lives when they are no longer in charge of what is happening (p. 10), and Coelho condemns such an attitude. I agree with the authors view, and I can provide a big number of examples to support it. If to take my friends, I often notice that they have a habit of giving up. One of my friends, Leo, has been single for a while. However, he is dreaming of being in a relationship. I have noticed that in reality, dreaming is the only thing that he does to succeed in finding a girlfriend. Basically, the man seem to wait till a beautiful girl knocks at his door and they will live happily together. Naturally, there is no sense in waiting for a miracle,so he could at least go out to meet someone. My friend Helen has the same attitude towards work. She says that she wants to find a job, and she complains that she cannot do it, but her complaining has last for a year already. She believes that she cannot find a job because she is unlucky. However, luck has no connection with laziness. Coelho (1992) states, Everyone, when they are young, knows what their destiny is (12). Then, the author adds that after a while, people start to doubt that they will be able to achieve the desirable. I think that most people would share this view because something similar has happened to everyone, including me. When I was younger, I was dreaming about many things. For example, I wished to be successful, and I wanted to be respected. I do not know why, but in my dreams, all of it came to me when I was very young. Now, there are times when I become scared because I realize that years pass, and success is still far away. It makes me doubt whether I will ever achieve it. However, it is crucial to understand that to doubt is normal, but it is significant not to lose faith in ones own strength. Coelho (1992) also nootices, When you want something, all the universe conspires in helping you to achieve it (p. 12). Many people believe in the existence of destiny, and I am not an exception. I agree that there are certain connections that unite people, and each persons deeds can somehow influence someone else. I think that if a persons desire to achieve something is strong, then this person will manage to do it. However, wishing does not suffice a person must make efforts to succeed in something. For example, if a person wants to become rich, then it is better to start with obtaining a degree or considering setting up a company instead of just having a dream. Everything is possible if a person makes some efforts. To conclude, The Alchemist contains many ideas that are true for many people. This novel makes a reader think about his or her dreams, and the attitude towards them. When I was reading it, I considered that all people had dreams, but they tended to forget that dreams could come true. This novel reminded me that I had great aspirations as well, and it was crucial not to forget about them. This is the main reason why I believe this novel is so popular. Buy custom â€Å"The Alchemist† is Successful for a Reason essay

Women In Islam Example

Women In Islam Example Women In Islam – Article Example Women in Islam – Article Summary In Islam, women are treated as equal to men. This is because they have equivalent importance as they carry out different acts of life. They form an integral part of the family basis and due to this, their significance is increased exponentially. They are a symbol of love, tenderness and unity within the family. Their role in marriage is also defined in accordance with the Islamic tenets and regulations as prescribed in the Holy Book Quran and the teachings of the Holy Prophet, Sunnah. When the talk goes out loud regarding the aspect of motherhood, it is an important part of any woman as she is completed when she becomes a mother. There are prescribed rights of divorced women which shall be given by the men who give them divorce. Also society has got a huge role to play under such circumstances. These include the quintessential pointers of inheritance, monogamy and so on. It is mandatory on every Muslim’s part and not just the male frater nity to educate them. The females therefore have a very significant role to play as they learn from worldly things as well as the Islamic teachings. Modesty is an important yardstick of understanding how the modern Islamic women should adhere to and what kinds of qualities they must adapt to. Being responsible on their part is not equal to superiority and this should be understood in the proper contexts. The oppressive practices meted on to the women must be taken care of by the society so that such activities do not come about at all.

Account for the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in the latter part of Essay

Account for the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in the latter part of the 20th century - Essay Example However, modern commentators do not agree with this interpretation. The word fundamentalism was first coined in the United States in the early 1900s, where it was applied to religious groups (Rippin 184). It was employed by theologically conservative Protestants, who opposed modernism and liberalism. The members of this group were wont to claim that they were great fundamentalists of their faith. Subsequently, this term was applied to any religious group that demanded the exclusive implementation of their religious beliefs (Rippin 184). The 1970s witnessed a significant amount of political victories by the Islamic fundamentalists. In 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini seized power in Iran through his Islamic movement. He was successful in his revolution against the westernized politics of the Shah of Iran. The tyrants and dictators of the Arab world lent their support to Islamic fundamentalism, in order to strengthen their position (Palmowski). Some instances of this trend, were the vocal support that was forthcoming from Saddam Hussein, in Iraq; and Muammar Gaddafi, in Libya. In Sudan, Nigeria, and several Islamic nations, the governments made several concessions to the Islamic fundamentalists, by providing them with funds and a number of concessions. This trend had commenced in the early 1990s (Palmowski). In the early 1970s, there were two major developments that enhanced to the growing influence of Islam at the international level. First, the cost of crude petroleum oil increased in an unprecedented manner, thereby rendering the oil producing countries of West Asia, extremely wealthy. Second, the invasion of Afghanistan by the USSR in 1979, which created considerable tension in the region. This was accompanied by the Islamic revolution in Iran, which brought the Islamic fundamentalist, Ayatollah Khomeini to power (Ghosh 288). The American hostage crises

Accomplishment as an Acquired Skill in Life Essay

Accomplishment as an Acquired Skill in Life - Essay Example I have done my best to become an outstanding clinical dentist. I do my best to make sure that their visit is as painless as possible and they walk out feeling at ease. While some dentists try to stick with old methods, techniques and procedures because it keeps them in their comfort zone of practising dentistry, I like to think beyond to ensure that my patients have access to the utmost in technological advances and procedures to maintain their dental health. While some do not accept challenges to learn how to do new procedures or step outside their boundaries, I do. Through my work as a managing dentist for two large dental corporations, every day I go outside of my boundaries, trying to learn more about new methods and procedures, whether it be through hands-on experience or through attendance to several classes and seminars to master all aspects of clinical dentistry. There is always room for improvement. Another one of my greatest accomplishments is when I had the opportunity to participate in the Doctors Award program in which doctors were outsourced to provide care outside of the clinic. In my case, my goal was to help youth learn more about dental health. Other dentists, as well as myself, went to different area elementary schools to screen children for cavities and additional hygiene-related diseases, even cancer. Unfortunately, many children do not even have the opportunity to visit a dentist for an annual check-up so it was a pleasure to offer my services free of charge to teach them how important it is. It was as rewarding to me as I hope it was for them. Later on, this program was adapted into a standardized program in which all school-aged children I southern California are to now be screened for oral and dental hygiene health or deficiencies.

Marketing BDD proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing BDD proposal - Essay Example After which, BDD believes that HMC will be better off as a key account in the company to better take advantage of its multidivisional efforts. This proposal will show how HMC can best utilize its strategic partnership with BDD in response to its current financial dilemma. Our company is currently aware that HMC is in a tight financial situation due to the decline in state funding. In this regard, HMC seeks to reduce medical management cost by $175,000, $100,000 of which is assigned to medical acquisition cost. BDD is also aware that the company sought a supplier which can possibly slash the prices currently charged to HMC. Thus, Terumo, a Japanese manufacturer offered to charge a price 15% lower than HMC. Further evaluation revealed that Terumo's products passed the standard of the hospital and was thus considered. Slashing the medical acquisition cost of 15% will lead to $32,000 cost savings. It is of BDD's interest to help HMC with its effort to cut operating cost through this proposal. The counter proposal of BDD far outweighs the cost savings to be generated should HMC accept Terumo's offer. Initially, BDD offers to cut the HMC's acquisition cost by 10%. At first, it might seem that Terumo offers higher cost advantage than BDD as the proposed 10% cut will only reflect a $21,333 saving as opposed to $32,000. However, BDD will undermine the first offer by posting more cost savings in the form of value-added services. It should be noted that BDD wants to convey more value to HMC in the form of add-on services not covered in the deal with Terumo. Through the partnership of BDD and HMC, the latter avails of the basic services offered by the company which include fulfillment accuracy, on time delivery, damage-free goods, efficient order-inquiry routines, effective sales representation, accurate invoicing, and efficient in-servicing of end users. Acceptance of this proposal will assure HMC of the aforementioned services. However, it should be noted that deciding to choose Terumo will risk incurring the associated cost should the company fail to delivery the above services. It is irrefutable that Terumo's inability to ensure efficiency will be recorded as other costs. It is estimated that ordering inefficiency alone will HMC incur $2,500 a year. It is assumed that HMC acquire additional $8,500 if Terumo fails to deliver BDD's basic services. This significantly erodes the cost savings initially covered by Terumo's $32,000 cost savings. It should also be noted that since Terumo cannot supply all the syringes and needles provided b y HMC, this will cost another $7,000 for HMC. Thus, HMC will only be able to save $16,500 if it chooses to accept the proposal of Terumo. As HMC will be converted into a key account instead of a national account, it will also benefit from BDD's multidivisional efforts. The table below summarizes the cost savings of HMC between the two alternatives. Aside from the 10% discount, HMC will also directly benefit from the multidivisional effort of BDD in the form of lower ordering, transportation, warehousing, and disposal cost. In the multidivisional program, HMC will not need to place order every now and then as BDD's information system facilitates automatic ordering. This reduction in operation processes is expected to generate a $2,000 savings

International Expansion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International Expansion - Assignment Example There are different methods of globalization and they include internationals trade, economic globalization and social cultural globalization. International trade involves exchange of services, capital and goods across territories or borders. People are involved in importation and exportation products from one country to another or across continents. Social culture globalization is the exchange of cultural and social practices from different countries like the spread or western culture (Ritzer, 2010). When establishing a business internationally, application of SWOT analysis will held the business owner in understanding many aspect. The strengths will help the business owner to understand the factors or things which will help him in establishing the business. The weakness will help the business owner in identifying the points or the things which needs improvement. After identifying the weakness the business owner will have the chance to improve and eliminate each weakness. The opportunities will help the business owner to notice the things which will enable him to prosper. Proper use of opportunities will enable the business to work effectively. The threats will enable the business owner to identify things which needs to be worked on for effectiveness (Ritzer,

Mandatory Overtime for Registered Nurses Research Paper

Mandatory Overtime for Registered Nurses - Research Paper Example opular profession, such as during the early years of the second World War, there was a surplus of nurses and trained professionals were being turned down for jobs. National and statewide assessments of hospital nurse staffing frequently utilize a measure that averages counts of â€Å"the number of nurses or hours of nursing care given the number of patients or patient days of care per hospital (Aiken, Sochalski, and Anderson 1996; Anderson and Kohn 1996; Spetz 1998; Buerhaus and Staiger 1999; Kovner, Jones, and Gergen 2000; Unruh 2002). These calculations provide a rough measure of nursing staff resources given patient volume, but they do not consider the intensity of nursing care† (Unruh and Fottler, 2006). Assessment has various parameters in delivery. The basic assumption of the current research is that mandatory overtime may compromise the quality of the care the client receives from the healthcare professional, because if someone has been made to work 12-hour shifts, they may be more likely to make mistakes with clients. Therefore, the basic issues are of safety in the healthcare delivery environment, in terms of the quality of car e that is received at the bottom line of the client. of personal problems. . Nonetheless, studies like Day’s feature advocacy of the 12-hour shifts of the flex time schedule in terms of support of both patients and nurses. â€Å"12-hour shifts would have positive effects for patients and staff in a ward environment. The results showed that the new shift pattern offered benefits for patients through improved communication, increased continuity of care and more content staff. The study illustrated the potential a new nursing shift pattern involving 12-hour shifts has for patient care, we well as for staff job satisfaction (sic)† (Day, 2004). In terms of advocacy, Day points out that flex time schedules may be a positive devleopment. But the contrary view is also included in Day’s article as a counter-point. â€Å"The report

Factors that distinguish your local ecology and environment Essay

Factors that distinguish your local ecology and environment - Essay Example Canada is rich with forests and is blessed with forest ecosystem, mountainous ecosystem, arctic ecosystem and prairie grassland ecosystem. A vast land of the country is covered with boreal and temperate forests (Natural Resources Canada 2009). Three oceans make the border of Canada. Most of the region has lower winter temperatures. Forests help maintain the natural atmosphere in the region and help to maintain air quality in the region. Country’s economy is dependent on its forestry and agriculture, but mining of natural resources contribute much to the economy of the country. Diamond exploration also contributes to the country’s economy. The specific factors that distinguish the Canada’s local ecology and environment are forests. Forests play an important role in purifying the urban air. Forests are also important in best utilization of water. Rivers and lakes in the country are the source of fresh water but the country also started some wastewater treatment pro grams to reduce the utilization of water. Mountains are also important in providing the country fresh water and Canada is blessed with mountainous ecology.Canada’s ecosystem supports heavily human activities like agriculture. However, human activities, which involve the emission of green house gases, are highly dangerous for the ecosystem. Urban localities cover almost 0.2% of the country. In Canada, urban localities consume most of energy. The large amount of energy consumption means large amount of green house gases emissions.

International Expansion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International Expansion - Assignment Example There are different methods of globalization and they include internationals trade, economic globalization and social cultural globalization. International trade involves exchange of services, capital and goods across territories or borders. People are involved in importation and exportation products from one country to another or across continents. Social culture globalization is the exchange of cultural and social practices from different countries like the spread or western culture (Ritzer, 2010). When establishing a business internationally, application of SWOT analysis will held the business owner in understanding many aspect. The strengths will help the business owner to understand the factors or things which will help him in establishing the business. The weakness will help the business owner in identifying the points or the things which needs improvement. After identifying the weakness the business owner will have the chance to improve and eliminate each weakness. The opportunities will help the business owner to notice the things which will enable him to prosper. Proper use of opportunities will enable the business to work effectively. The threats will enable the business owner to identify things which needs to be worked on for effectiveness (Ritzer,

Factors that distinguish your local ecology and environment Essay

Factors that distinguish your local ecology and environment - Essay Example Canada is rich with forests and is blessed with forest ecosystem, mountainous ecosystem, arctic ecosystem and prairie grassland ecosystem. A vast land of the country is covered with boreal and temperate forests (Natural Resources Canada 2009). Three oceans make the border of Canada. Most of the region has lower winter temperatures. Forests help maintain the natural atmosphere in the region and help to maintain air quality in the region. Country’s economy is dependent on its forestry and agriculture, but mining of natural resources contribute much to the economy of the country. Diamond exploration also contributes to the country’s economy. The specific factors that distinguish the Canada’s local ecology and environment are forests. Forests play an important role in purifying the urban air. Forests are also important in best utilization of water. Rivers and lakes in the country are the source of fresh water but the country also started some wastewater treatment pro grams to reduce the utilization of water. Mountains are also important in providing the country fresh water and Canada is blessed with mountainous ecology.Canada’s ecosystem supports heavily human activities like agriculture. However, human activities, which involve the emission of green house gases, are highly dangerous for the ecosystem. Urban localities cover almost 0.2% of the country. In Canada, urban localities consume most of energy. The large amount of energy consumption means large amount of green house gases emissions.

Drug abuse Essay Example for Free

Drug abuse Essay The policy in Switzerland seems to be a success because in the last 10 years there has been an astounding reduction in new users, 82% in fact. Addicts are offered heroin on prescription, access to shooting galleries, needle exchanges and oral methadone. This medicalised drug use has removes its glamour, making it trivial and less appealing. The British government however takes the view that allowing drug consumption rooms risks increasing levels of dealing and anti-social crime. This is the disadvantage currently obstructing the government following suit. The doctor thinks that some users have turned round their lives as a result of this treatment. They come off heroin because of the boredom of routine and drudgery. In addition to the professional opinion, a more personal outlook given by a former addict stated that it should be done in very controlled conditions and only used as a last resort. As I saw on the video, drug abuse has been a problem for centuries and I personally do not see a situation where the world will be free of drug abuse. This is because, when the word drug is defined we mean a medication and there are many legal drugs that are medically prescribed for the treatment of the ill. Drugs such as morphine and paracetamol can also be misused, and the abuse can lead to deaths. In this sense the problem of drug abuse can never be completely eliminated because people will just find another drug to abuse. However, one must be cautious when reading the newspapers as it is likely to be biased. Not everything must be taken into account as it is not likely to be authentic or reliable. To a certain extent not all drugs are as bad as each other; some drugs bring about more harm than others. In other ways, if particular drugs are abused constantly and in heavy quantities they can cause severe consequences, such as tobacco for example. Particular notice needs to be taken of Danger Ratings and the seriousness of heroin addiction. More should be done to prevent this, by tightening rules and regulations and giving harsher punishments to put off new users and give help to existing addicts. Both sources offer contrasting methods for dealing with the problem. The first method, calling upon the government to update the system may not be taken into consideration by some politicians as they do not want to lose votes. However, if it is considered and action is taken, it is a worthwhile action. The second method calling upon softer laws can be seen as helping in some ways, but mainly making it easier for drugs to be abused. In my opinion, the government should tighten rules and regulations for drug abuse and crackdown on Drug related crime, reducing the usage of drugs, and also supply help for the addicts to stabilise their lives. Politics and the law are barriers to both approaches because each method has to gain the Governments approval prior to the action taken, this may prove difficult. This is due to the fact that political parties view their own positions in government more precious than the welfare of the public. As a result of this, they are more concerned with losing votes rather than losing lives. As a whole, drug abuse and addiction is a problem that cannot ever be eradicated completely but it can be controlled and reduced, particularly with certain drugs. As mentioned previously, there are options available to control the issue, and measures can be put in place to reduce drug abuse. The best method would be to take a combination of both options as stated previously. Maybe, in the distant future, drug abuse may not be such a huge pandemic as it is today.

Financial Analysis of Vodafone

Financial Analysis of Vodafone Vodafone group PLC is a British multinational mobile network operatorheadquarter in Newbury, England. It has formed in 1984 as a subsidiary of recal electronics PLC. It became an independent company in 1991 and changed its name to Vodafone group PLC on 2000.Vodafone is a world leading mobile telecommunications company. Vodafone provides a wide range of Communication services, including voice calls, SMS text messaging, MMS picture and video messaging, internet. Access and other data services Vodafone is the world largest telecommunication network company with 146 subsidiaries Vodafone directly own and manage about 2,200 stores around the world and they also have around 10,300 Vodafone-branded stores run through franchise and exclusive dealer arrangement, An industry with 5.6 billion customers with growth driven by increasing global demand for data services and rising mobile penetration in emerging markets. TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS An Organization is a group of people that working together towards a common goal. There are 2 types of Organizations. Private Sector Public Sector Private Sector It is the part of national economy that is not directly controlled by the government. It provides more job opportunities for the people. So they will give a good support to the government. Private Sector includes sole traders, partnerships, joint ventures, limited companies, Co-operatives, clubs and societies. Sole Trader ship It has no complexities, with minimum interference of statutes, which is run by a single individual with his own capital, the decisions too being taken by himself. The most common business unit of the world is these. The main reason for this is that, ability of this business to be carried on without the necessity for adherence to rules. Partnerships It is a legal relationship between two or more individuals who are working together to achieve a specific goal. They should have an intention to earn profits, Collective responsibilities and a common destiny or goal. Joint ventures It is a short term association of a few persons in order to accomplish a specific task. Generally they do not use a business name. The joint venture is dissolved when the specific task is accomplished. This is a short term business type. Incorporate Companies In Sri Lanka institution registered under the companies ACT NO.7 OF 2007 is considered as an incorporated company. It includes Limited Companies, Companies limited by guarantees, unlimited companies, Offshore Companies, Foreign Companies. Public Sector It is the part of an economy that is directly controlled by the government. Public Sector is the largest sector of any economy in the country. It provides basic goods or services that cannot be provided by the private sector. It includes Gov. Departments, Gov. Corporations, and Gov. Companies. It is also known as State Sector or the Government Sector. Responsibilities of stakeholders Stakeholders are individuals, groups or organizations that have an interest in the activities and behavior of a business. They can be internal stakeholders, like employees and partners, or external, such as customers, suppliers, government or the media for example. All stakeholders can influence as well as be influenced by Vodafone. Every Stakeholder has responsibilities towards the Vodafone to achieve vodafones goals and objectives. Owners and share holders As the owner of a business, it is the responsibility to pay for employees and provide them with proper benefits, including sick time and health insurance. Aside from payment and benefits, responsibilities of an entrepreneur include listening to employee concerns keeping employees in good working conditions, and hiring and firing employees when needed. Managers The manager must be able to ensure that all requirements of his department are met on time and motivate employees to perform at their highest capabilities. He must also know exactly what each of his staff is capable of and give them work that they can complete effectively while also challenging them to achieve more. Staff and employees They have to perform their tasks carefully, keep business and professional secrets confidential. They have to follow the supervisors instructions and improve their abilities and skills. They have to be honest and polite to the company. Customers After using goods or services they have a responsibility to give feedback to the company. Customers have to provide clear and correct information about their needs and wants. And they have to give the correct information required. They have to be loyal and honest to the company. Suppliers They have to supply the good quality products to the company at right place at right time. They have to be honest to the company. Have an effective communication process with the company. Government They provide rules, regulations, lows, and policies for business. They have to find weather the business is legal or not and they can provide licenses for the sensitive products. Identify Vodafone profile Mission statement; To enrich customers lives through the unique power of mobile communication Vision statement; To be the worlds mobile communication leader Goals Goals are the clearly stated objectives of the company, Vodafone has stated six global strategic goals Delight our customers Built the best global Vodafone team Leverageglobal scale and scope Expand market boundaries Be a responsible business Provide superior shareholder returns Values Values are the beliefs of an individual or a group. Vodafone has four core values described internally as passions For customers For results For Vodafone people For the world around Vodafone Vodafone growth Vodafones Key revenue performance indicators Vodafone group PLC has shown their growth of revenue in this table. We also aim to lead the tablet segment, which is growing rapidly. We were the first operator to launch an Android Honeycomb tablet with the Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1v and we have started to distribute the Apple iPod 2. During the year we introduced the Vodafone K4605 USB stick which provides theoretical peak data download speeds of 42.2 Mbps using 3G/HSDPA technology and a 4G/LTE USB stick which has the potential for faster download speeds. We also launched Vodafone WebBox and Vodafone TV services (Annual report-2011 page23). Vodafone market share We can clearly identify the market share of the Vodafone group has increased rapidly year by year. The good will of the vodafone has increased by providing perfect service for thie customers and could have create loyal customers. Different types of economic systems Capitalism (market economy) Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and the firms mainly target profits, in competitive markets. it is known as market economy because it is seek to maximize satisfaction or profit through own decision regarding consumption or production. Characteristics all resources are owned by individuals The decisions about the allocation of those resources are made by individuals without government intervention No significant economic role for government is necessary. The concept of supply and demand plays a role in determining the pricing structure A market economy encourages competition. The U.S. is most commonly example for market economy which had many provisions that facilitated and protected the market economys characteristics.. Advantages: The market gives producers an incentive to produce goods that consumers want. The market provides an incentive to acquire useful skills. The price system encourages producers and consumers to conserve scarce resources. Disadvantages (1) A private market economy may be quite unstable (unemployment, inflation, growth) (2) Business may simply satisfy the wants they have created through advertising. (3) Prices may affect to the consumers (4) Markets just do not work in some areas such as public goods, and national defense Socialism (command economy) Characteristics The government creates a central economic plan for all sectors and regions of the country. The government allocates all resources according to the central plan. The goal is to use the nations capital, labor and natural resources in the most effective way possible The central plan sets the priorities for production of all goods and services. The goal is to supply enough food, housing and other basics to meet the needs of everyone in the country. Cuba, North Korea, China, Russia and Iran are the most commonly examples of command economies. Russias Go plan has been the most studied. It was also the longest running, lasting from the 1930s until the late 1980s. Advantages The govt. Will ensure a more equal distribution of income and wealth Essential goods/services will be provided to the community The govt. Can determine which goods are produced. 1. There is little consumer choice. 2. Little variety of goods and services 3. Loss of individual freedom 4. Leads to allocate and productive inefficiency 5. Subsidies on essential goods and services quickly lead to shortages. Mixed economy A mixed economy is an economic system that incorporates aspects of more than one economic system. This kind of economic system has both privately-owned and state-owned enterprises or that combines elements of capitalism and socialism, economic systems. Characteristics private sector business activity encouraged. taxes used to collect revenue to pay for state goods and services. The government also provides services such as education, health, military defense, legal and infrastructure to society. The government plays an important role in resolving economic problems faced by society advantages less inequality of income because intent of government is to have a balanced economic growth of an economy. allows individuals to run their business and make profits Goods and services are produced to benefit the society rather then to benefit the economy. Fiscal policy Fiscal policy is the use of taxes and government spending to control the economic activity of a country.the government uses this policy to continue, Economic growth Price stability Full employment Expansionary fiscal policy Before the government spending increase and before the tax rate reduction or both GDP is low because the price level of the economy is low. After increase G and reduction T, GDP is high because increase of the AD. Shifting the graph to the right. (AD to AD1 )This is accomplished by increasing aggregate expenditures and aggregate demand through an increase in government spending or a decrease in taxes. Expansionary fiscal policy leads to a larger government budget deficit or a smaller budget surplus. Crowding out effect C:Documents and SettingslankaDesktopquestion_24.gif Contractionary fiscal policy Before the tax increase and government spending decrease or both GDP is high because price level is high. After increase tax and decreased government expenditure increased AD is low, GDP is low and price level is low. Contractionary Fiscal Policy creates budget surplus shifting the graph to the left(AD1.to AD) . monetary Policy Monetary Policy consists of change in money supply to influence interest rates and thus the total level of spending in the economy. Monetary policy tools are, Open market operations This is the most important instrument to control the money supply and demand of the economy.FED buying bonds from banks and public to expand monetary policy by increasing bank reserves. FED selling the bonds to the bank and public to tight the monetary policy by reducing the bank reserves. Reserve ratio It is Designed to change the amount of required reserves. FED raises the ratios to cantrction the monetary policy. It means bank loose the reserves and reduce the ability of the creating money. FED lowers reserve ratios to expan the monetary policy, banks gain tha reserves and ability to create money. Discount rate Interest rate charge by FED on the loans they granted to commercial banks. Easy money policy (Contractionary monetary policy) It is the monetary policy that seeks to increase the size of the money supply by buying securities, lower the reserve rate and lower the discount rate. These all directly impact the interest rate.FED increase bank reserves by purchasing securities and at the lower rate bank can keep more money in the volute and create money. C:Documents and SettingslankaLocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Wordfig115.gif It is the monetary policy that FED seeks to reduce money supply in the market by selling securities, increasing the reserve rate, and rising the discount rate. It is causes to reduce bank reserves and volute money at banks. It is decrease money supply in the economy. In the curve shifted to the left (Ms1 to Ms2) Fiscal policy impact to the Vodafone UK Because of the UK statutory tax rate reduced to 26%, effective from 1 April 2011 and the impact on the year end tax balances. EBITDA increased by 8.0% with the EBITDA margin increasing by 0.7 percentage points, reflecting higher service revenue. A shareholder in the Company who is an individual resident for UK tax purposes in the United Kingdom is entitled, in calculating their liability to UK income tax, to a tax credit on cash dividends we pay on our shares and the tax credit is equal to one-ninth of the cash dividend. The tax free allowance all income earners are allowed to earn an amount of income before they start to pay tax., the personal tax free allowance in the UK for 2011-2012 was  £7,475. Monetary policy impact to the Vodafone UK According to the Vodafone annual report, 45.9bn revenue performs in 2011 and it is 3.2% growth in compared with 2010. It is because the UK government expands the monetary policy by buying Bonds from people and it caused to money supply increased. People has more money to spend on Vodafone services and products there for the demand of the mobile customers are increased by 14.5% to 370.9 m. International trade The economic interaction among different nations involving the exchange of goods and services, that is, exports and imports. The guiding principle of international trade is comparative advantage, which indicates that every country, no matter their level of development, can find something that it can produce cheaper than another country. As a multi national company, Vodafone Global Enterprise manages the communication needs of over 560 of our largest multinational corporate customers. It provides a range of managed services which bring together every aspect of a customers telecommunications infrastructure, both fixed and mobile,(Annual report Vodafone group-2011) Advantages by international trade for Vodafone Quality of the product has been increased because of high competition with foreign businesses Having an open economy Growth of high technologically methods using by Vodafone group Increased company reputation world wide Market share has been increased Disadvantages smart phones and the tablet market begins to take off. markets remain competitive and the economic environment, particularly across southern Europe, is challenging. Foreign Industry regulators continue to impose lower mobile termination rates and lower roaming prices. The combination of competition and regulatory pressures. Increase prices of the Vodafone products because of tariffs. Emerging markets Definition The term emerging markets is commonly used to describe an economy with a GDP per capita substantially below the advanced world average and typically with a growth potential above the global average. According to the World Banks definition an emerging markets country has a Gross National Income (GNI) per capita less than approximately USD 9,000.(growing markets) The most exciting emerging markets are, BRICs( Brazil, Russia, India, China), Mexico, South Africa, Clombia, Hungary, Indonesia, Turkey, Poland, Malaysia,Chile,peru, Thailand. Barriers to entering emerging markets for UK businesses Differences in language and culture are important barriers to entering fast-growing markets like the BRICs. Global trade has always been vital to the UK UK firms looking to export for the first time continue to face too many barriers that put them at a competitive disadvantage to their overseas competitors. capital is drives many businesses to take on the risks of doing business in emerging markets. Considering about the success of Vodafones in emerging markets, The number of customers using mobile services in emerging markets such as India and Africa has grown rapidly over the last ten years, increasing by over 17 times, compared to nearly 130% in more mature markets such as Europe. increased revenue market share in India and Turkey. Approximately 75% of mobile customers are in emerging markets such as India and China. EU crisis This week BCC met with a delegation from APEX, the Brazilian trade and investment promotion agency. It is clear that there are vast opportunities in the country, as indeed there are in the other emerging markets, which UK firms are yet to take full advantage of. BCCs latest research confirms that the EU remains the most popular destination for UK exports. Just under half of Chamber exporters see the large and faster-growing BRIC economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China as the best prospective markets for increasing business over the next twelve months. Unfortunately, exporters to the fast-growing BRIC markets are the most likely to encounter barriers that hold back sales.

Global Warming Essay -- Environment, Renewable Energy

Everyone is talking about it, and the news is constantly covering it. But nobody ever does anything about it. The â€Å"it† is global warming. Global warming has been steadily increasing since the industrial revolution at alarming rates causing extreme weather including droughts, floods, heat waves, and hurricanes, which is a major concern. In fact, it’s increasing at a rate of 10% every year (Ferrey 68). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a group of scientists and government representatives from 130 countries that estimate the temperature rise to be 3.2-7.8 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2100 (Cunningham 207). There is a way to slow carbon emissions. The people of Sweden produce only 6.5 tons per person per year of carbon dioxide (CO2) versus the United States with a CO2 production rate of 20.14 tons per person per year. Amazingly, Sweden adopted renewable energy sources and strict conservation measures which have reduced its carbon emissions by 4 0 percent over the past 30 years while still experiencing dramatic increases in personal income and quality of life (Cunningham 208). In order to minimize the consequences of global warming, we must introduce highly efficient vehicles, create an abundance of renewable resources, and form the laws needed to slow global warming. Each of these solutions will provide a dramatic impact in reducing the carbon emissions, but it will take more than just the effort of these solutions, we must apply them to keep the earth as healthy as possible. The first solution is the introduction of highly efficient cars that will get better gas mileage and consume much less fossil fuel because they are the primary producers in global warming (Heckeroth 94). There has been significant develo... ...ote these technologies, developing nations will not take part in these options, which are often more expensive to implement. They will instead decide to burn coal and other fossil fuels (Ferrey 19). This would then defeat the purpose of proposing solutions because they would be doing the opposite of what is intended. In conclusion, there is a lot that is needed to be done about global warming, but the change won’t happen fast. In order to minimize the consequences of global warming, these solutions must be acted upon right away in order to slow global warming. We humans are the ones ultimately responsible of this problem; so we must agree in every way to solve it before the consequences get even worse. If this is followed the world will then have converted into a primarily solar energy world, free of its dependence on fossil fuels and the harm of the environment.

Organizational Conflict in Noahs Ark Preschool Essay -- Interpreting

Conflicts in an organization impact the employees and the organization itself in a variety of ways. It is a constant hindrance in organizational life due to conflicting goals between managers and workers. In definition, conflict is â€Å"the interaction of interdependent people who perceive incompatible goals and interference from one another in achieving those goals† (George 287). While most individuals perceive conflict as being a negative aspect in a working relationship, others believe it â€Å"allows the opportunity to release built-up tension, stimulate critical thinking, and strengthen relationships† (George 287). I extensively observed the conflicts at Noah’s Ark Preschool and found these conflicts to have both positive and negative effects on the organization and its employees. During my evaluation I focused on how conflicts emerged, how they were managed, and in what ways the organization could improve its conflict management skills. The first step in resolving organizational conflict is to consider the typical sources of conflict (Donais). The sources of conflict are infinite, but some are recurrent and persistent. Poor communication skills can stimulate conflict and lead to misunderstandings between employees or between employee and manager. While conducting my interview, I learned the director of Noah’s Ark, Regina, is frequently vague and inconsistent with instructions. One employee described a situation in which Regina allowed the employees to wear shorts one afternoon—which is against dress code— but disciplined them for wearing shorts the next day. In this situation, lack of communication and information from employer to employee caused a misinterpretation of rules the organization routinely abides by. A difference... ...; How Dangerous Can it Be?."  Yahoo Contributor Network. N.p., 3 Jan. 2011. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. Kuehner-Hebert, Katie. "Mismanaging Workplace Conflicts."  www.HREOnline.com. LRP Publications, 22 Aug. 2012. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. "Association for Conflict Resolution—Giving Voice to the Choices for Quality Conflict Resolution."  Association for Conflict Resolution. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. Segal, Jeanne , and Melinda Smith. "Conflict Resolution Skills."  Turning Conflicts into Opportunities. N.p., 1 Apr. 2014. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. Burrell, Bonnie. "Collaboration Toolbox || MODULE 1 > Conflict Management."Collaboration Toolbox || MODULE 1 > Conflict Management. N.p., 1 Jan. 2001. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. Dreu, Carsten K. W. de.. "Productive Conflict: The Importance of Conflict Management and Conflict Issues."  Using conflict in organizations. London: Sage, 1997. . Print.

Acquisition of a new piece of equipment for coca-cola

Coco-Cola has plans of acquiring a new piece of equipment. The company is likely to get funding problems under the following scenarios Risk Coca Cola would run a financial risk problem depending on which source of finance they contemplate to use in financing this new project. A firm either utilizes its internally generated resources or borrows from outside. However, the internal sources especially the retained earnings may be insufficient compelling Coca Cola to borrow by issuing either debentures or preference shares. Such external sources of finance give rise to fixed interest charges, lead to financial riskness that may force Coca Cola to be bankrupt. (Bower, 1990) Cost This new project is a capital investment and by their nature, capital investments involve high initial cash outleys. (www.teachmefinance.com/capitalbudgeting.html).   In addition to the initial cost, Coca- Cola would also incur huge incidental costs related with the installing of this new equipment these include labor and carriage costs. More other funds would be incurred in employee training   on its usage . Coca Cola however would have to look into ways and means of getting   additional funds which are essential in   meeting   these costs. Politics Some board members of the decision-making organ of Coca Cola may not be comfortable with this investment plan and therefore may not pass it. The end result of this decision would be that the funds may be channeled to other projects. This is because Capital projects by their nature, need prioritization be done since there may be   insufficient funds of   financing   all the   viable projects that the company might have passed. Economical Factors The budgeted funds to fund this new project might be insufficient due to government changes on the taxation policies and any other legislation that may be inherent within the government system. Cost and benefit estimates It is estimated that the new equipment would generate the following after-tax cashflows: Year  Ã‚  Ã‚     before tax cash flows 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (10,000) 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1000 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2500 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3000 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4000 5   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7000 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7000 9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5000 10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4500 [email  protected]% Net cash flows 16,800 The initial investment is $10000 (www. Swlearning.com/finances/students/capitalbgt.htm) REFERENCES Joseph L Bower, Managing the Resource Allocation Process, Harvard Business School Press, 1990.

Great Teachers

The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires. † Teachers – those dedicated people who educate, encourage, support, discipline and prepare us for the road ahead. They are the masters, the leaders. They are the artist that takes each class to a higher level. Their dedication has always resulted in producing something new. If I think about them humbly enough, they contribute to a great evolution, they are players in the great ocean. Teaching is deep. It's more than just imparting information. Anyone can do that.Google can do that. Wisped can do that. But great teachers do it differently. Great teachers have always understood that imagination is more important than knowledge. They go beyond the text book and have that intangible characteristic that can inspire students to do great things and become great people. Instead of just teaching major revolution in history, formulae in math,verses in English, maps in geography, laws in scie nce and Kevin in Hindi, they will make us think and force us to look at the world through the eyes of the people involved in a subject. They will challenge us to think radically and analytically.They share their insights and knowledge that allows us to explore the infinite amount of knowledge. They will engineer learning experiences that maneuver the students into the driver's seat and then the teachers get out of the way. Because they understand that students learn best by personally experiencing learning. And as the proverb goes â€Å"Teachers open the door. You enter by yourself. † One such great teacher I met was Namesakes Bradshaw, my Intermediate English teacher. She was no academic. She was not hot on action research, she had her own peculiar style or way of titivating her students.She taught the most important skills within the most important subject. She reminded us of the power of language and the delights of literature. She encouraged us to ask questions,for being prepared to argue your case, and doing so in a style that is powerfully appropriate. She relished the eccentrics in the class , the naughty ones as well as the paragons. The naughty one often only behaved for her ( I was among the naughty ones P). She had something individual to say to each student. She said when she was disappointed about something a student has done, but mostly she celebrated success.Her art of teaching was so compelling that I once broke down into tears in the middle of the class reading â€Å"A Doctors Journal Entry†. Personally, she had a powerful emotional impact on me. Used to walk out of her lessons feeling I can do things – can read better, write better, think better, learn better. Her purpose was basically the same as any good leader, to provide purpose, direction and motivation. She is simply a great teacher. I owe her a great deal – not least, my gratitude. She is more important than she'll ever realize. Thus a great teachers are the ones who are differentiated from the rest.They have the qualities of patience, kindness, resourcefulness, and open-mindedness. They listen , make their students feel secure and pushes them to succeed. A great teacher always has a sense of purpose, a positive attitude, a smile on her face and an encouraging word for her students. She explains that career choices and options are many. But your decision on career should be what you enjoy doing for the rest of your life. She motivates her students to chase their dreams and to always put their best foot forward. She will motivate and encourage to reach for the moon, so that if you miss it, you will tallest land among the stars.

Medication errors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medication errors - Essay Example inistration requiring higher skills like the intravenous route, but occur even when medications are administered through the simpler non-intravenous route (Ghaleb et al, 2006). Tang, Sheu, Yu, Wei, and Chen, 2007, report that among physicians, pharmacists and nurses, who make up the chain of healthcare professionals involved in the use of drugs for therapeutic reasons, the contribution of nursing professionals to medication errors is high, even though they are only involved in the administration of the drugs. They fall back on a multidisciplinary committee analysis of 441 medication errors in a hospital in the United Kingdom. The report of the committee showed that nurses were responsible for twenty-two percent of these errors and that twenty-five percent of these errors were medication errors. The authors provide additional information on the background of the nursing professionals involved in medication errors. More than ninety percent of medication errors occurred after graduation from a nursing school, with more than thirty percent of the errors occurring in nursing professionals, who had graduated in the previous year. The average length of work exper ience was found to be 2.2 years with a plus or minus error of 0.7. More than half of these errors occur in large teaching hospitals or medical centers, while 36.1% of the errors occurred in regional hospitals and 12.5% in local hospitals. The more significant medication errors within a hospital were the intensive care units and the medical wards. Data on the break up of the types of errors is also provided. Wrong dose makes up the highest percentage of medication errors at 36.1%, followed by wrong drug at 26.4%. The other types of medication errors involved were wrong time at 18.1%, wrong patient at 11.1%, wrong route 8.3%. Wrong administration of antibiotics made up 38.9% of the medication errors. The medication errors regarding the administering of electrolytes were 8.4%, analgesics 6.9%, anti-diabetics 6.9%

The 4 pillars of SMS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The 4 pillars of SMS - Assignment Example In this regard, the 4 common pillars of SMS are safety policy, risk management, assurance and promotion. This component establishes the top management’s dedication to constantly improve safety. This is because it entails the organizational policies and structure that define the responsibilities of the management to ensure safety precautions (Waring, 2006). Organizations cannot effectively operate without the observation of safety policies, which help in reducing confusion and errors. The safety policy component is efficient for creating a proactive and predictive program because it offers new regulations that can help in improving equipment and system designs (Ludwig, 2007). For instance, the management can decide to employ new safety programs that will reduce the occurrence of risks. This SMS component determines the requirement for improved risk controls based on the appraisal of suitable risk. The pillar also offers a formal system of hazard recognition, risk evaluation, resource distribution and system monitoring. The component is suitable for creating a proactive and predictive safety program because it helps engineers develop, determine and administer a safety culture that decreases injuries (Waring, 2006). As a result, the safety risk management pillar provides a proactive response before the occurrence of risks. This is because it predicts and tries to prevent accidents through the appropriate response mechanisms. This SMS pillar comprises of coaching, communication and other activities to establish a favorable safety culture within all workforce levels. It is prudent that constant communication of safety values and performances help to support a sound safety culture. Its value in the predictive safety program is that the communication and training initiatives are essential for equipping workers with the required skills to tackle emerging threats (Ludwig, 2007). The workforce needs to acquire modern training facilities in order to prepare for

Customer Loyalty at Ritz Carlton Hotel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Customer Loyalty at Ritz Carlton Hotel - Essay Example In his study, customer loyalty is associated will the kind of treated and services they receive. Customer loyalty is therefore seen with respect to how a customer responds to the products and services presented by the company (Lawfer 11). In Ritz Carlton industry, customer loyalty means the creation of customer satisfaction through creation of culture where customer needs is given priority through provision of high quality of products and services and good personal services by the employees of the company. He does this by making sure that the customer is made to feel valued by the company. However, as Andreassen and Lindestad state, customer loyalty is dependent on corporate image and the disconfirmation of expectations. Therefore, a company with good corporate image which puts the interests of its customers first is likely to win customer loyalty. In Ritz Carlton, a loyal customer has a lifetime worth of $ 1 million. According to Carflton, a loyal customer will try to sell a company to other customers luring them to it and that is why they are priced highly as opposed to a disloyal customer who will try to paint your company in a negative way. In Ritz Carlton`s hotel, customer satisfaction if given priority as the employees are empowered to use huge amounts of money as long as their motive is to satisfy their customers and make them happy. When a customer realizes that all her needs have been catered for in the hotel, their desire to come back for more service is boosted. The management also hires only those employees who are able and knowledgeable in meeting customer demand. Customer needs are given priority through customer orientation as they are made to feel valued. The company retains its customers through provision of high quality products and services. Ritz Carlton hotel builds customer relationships by ensuring that well trained and reputable employees are hired. The employees are trained to be customer focused and are required to

Case study report Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study report - Statistics Project Example   This paper will review some of the key elements of the law. These elements include: Since the enactment of the proposition 209, diversity in Californian schools has marginally decreased and the amendment is aimed at increasing cultural diversity in Californias higher education institutions. A key analysis of the topic, however, indicates that there is a possibility that the introduction of the act would not only hinder the progress and development of diversity in Californian institutions, but also would primarily motivate racial profiling in the public school system. Regardless, this does not automatically make Proposition 209 more appropriate than SCA5. Even so, it shows that the policy has been effective and as such, there is no need to eradicate it completely from the system.    The first reason why the amendment would not be introduced effectively into the system is the consideration of the various changes that have taken place since the enactment of the Proposition 209, that hindered all Californian offices, schools and employment opportunities from considering race, sex, gender and age when selecting people. Currently, several universities around the country practice the affirmative action clause proposed by the amendment, but these same universities have not violated the Equal Protection Rights (Joe Gardner’s State Assembly, 2014).    The blacks, the Hispanics and the Asian-Americans are the worst affected if the bill is passed. Primarily, the racial profiling or preference in the selection, according to the proposing parties, would allow schools to slowly select and promote an equal selection criterion if properly enforced. The enactment of the policy, which directly opposes the Proposition 209, which was enacted in 1996 and which has been a little fruitful now. Most people fail to see the reason

Peer Pressure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Peer Pressure - Essay Example Peer pressure works by coercing the student into behaviors that he or she might not otherwise engage in, and the implicit message is that the student must engage in this behavior or else they might be shunned from the group. Bullying is associated with peer pressure. The bully takes courage from peers, and this increases the bullying. Moreover, the peers have an implicit agreement not to stop the bullying and not to intervene, and this, too, increases bullying. The students in these social groups engage in rituals, and the rituals might include kicking or punching the bullied victim, and the peer groups do not intervene in this, which also makes the bullying stronger. The peer groups also construct the difference in the victim, which is an important part of bullying. The implicit message to these students is that they cannot intervene, because, if they do, they might be shunned. This essay will examine the nature of bullying and the harm it can cause, and will also examine peer press ure and how it is associated with bullying. Bullying Bullying can result from peer pressure, and Naito & Gielen (2005) look at bullying in Japanese schools. Bullying may have devastating effects, including suicide of the victim. For instance, there was a case of a 13 year old boy in Japan who was the subject of a mock funeral, which was designed to show that he was a failure of a human being. The â€Å"funeral† for this young boy consisted of burning incense, displaying his photograph and flowers, and a condolence card that was signed by other students and four of his teachers. The victim of this episode of bullying actually had a real funeral, as he hanged himself (Naito & Gielen, 2005). Naito & Gielen (2005) refer to this type of bullying as Ijime – this means that physical violence is not involved, but the psychological violence that is involved is just as devastating, if not more so, than physical violence. They also studied the determinants of bullying, or, in oth er words, looked at why bullies became bullies. They found that the school bullies who were studied are oriented towards rule breaking and deviant acts. Moreover, social norms which are too ambiguous to be followed are often the social norms which are most often broken, as the bully is able to interpret ambiguous social rules to suit his own agenda. The bully may see some forms of bullying as being ambiguous and harmless, thinking that they are only joking or teasing, ignoring the serious implications of their actions. Bullying is also accepted because other students around the student being bullied thinks that the situation is fun, which encourages bystanders and audience discounting the feelings of the victim. They also found that classes with frequent bullying are made up of bullies, bullied students, an audience and bystanders – audience consists of students who are amused by the bullying, and bystanders are those who either don't know the victim or pretend not to know th e victim. Naito & Gielen (2005) also state that bullying happens more often in classes where there is a perception of a poor moral atmosphere. The victims of bullying are more often than other students to be the ones who are conformists to power and are more likely to conform to school values and norms. The bullies are more likely to want independence from power and have a generally negative attitude towards school values. Bullying is an especially crucial area of school violence to address

What does the nature of statebuilding in Bosnia tell about sovereignty Essay

What does the nature of statebuilding in Bosnia tell about sovereignty during its post war reconstruction - Essay Example Earlier in the process of state building, there was an understanding that non-western states were autonomous and independent entities, and did not require western interference. However, in the post-Cold war era, in cases of domestic conflict, the issues of development and security have broadened to such an extent that non-western states cannot prevent the interference of foreign bodies in their domestic processes (Chandler, 2006). Bosnia, after the end of the civil war, was a transition state, and hence fragile in nature. In such cases, while helping to rebuild a fragile nation, the response from the international communities is often based on the establishment of new political orders and a new constitutional mechanism. Not promoting notions of state fragmentation through secession, the global community looks to pacify all parties that were at strife during the civil war by advocating agreements that make sovereignty a shared right amongst the existing warring factions within the sta te. Those in the arena of international relations often term this form of state sovereignty as internal self-determination (Cassese, 1995). This comprises the rights of different nationalistic groups within the realms of a multi-ethnic state that aims at preserving all the existent socio-cultural, language and religious identities, equal participation of these groups in state politics, with even a certain extent of regional autonomy (Hannum, 1990). Thus, to bring in peace initiatives for helping states in transition, experts in the line of international relations bring forth the notions of ‘consociational democracy’ that advocate a moderate form of political attitude (Lijphardt, 1969, 207). In real practice, various instances have shown that post-conflict reconstruction cannot be based only on establishing a new constitutional mechanism. In a fragile state, when a new constitutional mechanism is place, there are chances that the newly formed social and cultural institut ions and political framework may fail to form a sustaining framework. According to a report by the World Bank, chances of a conflict breaking out again after the close of a civil war, in a fragile state, is nearly 40 % (Collier, 2000, 6). Even with extensive negotiations with various concerned parties, undertaken by any international peace mission to prevent a fragile state from regressing back into armed conflict, there are substantial barriers in establishing an effective sovereign state. In case of Bosnia, we find that even after 16 years of large-scale efforts from the global community to reconstruct Bosnia and bring in socio-political stability in the country, the state is yet to achieve an established form. In 2009, after 14 years since the Dayton treaty (1995) heralded the end of a near four yearlong violent ethnic civil war, Bosnians again faced a serious threat of another civil war (McMahon and Western, 2009). In this context, keeping Bosnia as a frame of reference, this pa per will explore concepts associated with modern notions of state building, whether international form of state building is actually a way of assuming control over state functioning, the differences between peace building and state building, and viable alternatives to the current form of international state building. Discussion Viewing state building as regards its effectiveness in case of post-war Bosnia The Dayton peace agreement signed in 1995 is often viewed as a treaty, which was â€Å"designed to end a war, not build a state† (Ashdown, 2004, 15). Various scholars contend that leaders of ethnic

Walmart Case Essay Example for Free

Walmart Case Essay Walmart has thrived in a very competitive industry by building on its founding principles and developing arguably the industries best supply chain. It has integrated its sales to its suppliers, streamlined order fulfillment and driven down its costs, which is one of its key founding principles, â€Å"Our purpose is helping our customers save money so they can live better† (Grant text, 5 walmart core 5 values). Walmart has had great success in North America, but its cultural values have not translated well in other parts of the world. Great sales growth has not translated into significant margins. Walmart has incurred losses on its international operations. Carrefour (founded in France) and Walmart both retreated from Germany. Some of the key issues facing Walmart include adapting their founding 5 core principles to vastly different cultures; the drive to cut costs clashes with treating the employees as part of family (which part of the family has more value? Is treated with integrity? ); the drive to cut costs has been driven far down the supply chain to a myriad of suppliers, sub-suppliers and sub-sub-sub suppliers†¦. how can Walmart audit or control these suppliers†¦standards imposed by Walmart? Current Situation Brief History Walmart has grown over the past 50 years from a local ‘general merchandiser’ with 15 stores in Arkansas to become the largest in the world with over 10,000 stores world-wide. Wal-Mart’s six market segments are: groceries; fashion clothes; pharmacy; health clinics; financial services; and music downloads. Its main North American competitors are Target, Dollar General and Costco. Walmart has four formats plus on-line that it has adapted to its international expansion. These formats have not always been successful, especially in their foreign expansion with retreats in Germany, South Korea and losses in Japan. The formats are: The smallest are neighbourhood formats averaging 42,000 square feet Traditional Discount store averaging 102,000 square feet Sam’s Clubs averaging 127,000 square feet Super Centers averaging 187,000 square feet No matter who we are or where we come from, our values pull us together and keep us together. They constantly push us forward to become a better and stronger company. Mike Duke, Walmart President CEO Sam Walton drove this growth founded on five(5) core principles with its roots in small town US family values: Integrity: Be Trustworthy and honest in all your business activities (Sam valued Honor) Opportunity: If, you work hard and do a good job, you will be promoted (approx.. 75% of store managers started as associates) Family and Community: Your customers, suppliers and associates are your neighbours. Work with a purpose: Deliver them the lowest costs (EDLP) and their lives will be improved. Responsibility: Make the world a better place These became Wal-Mart Stores 3 core values: The Value Statement: Service to the customer, Respect for the individual and Striving for excellence. From the website: Delivering a seamless shopping experience; Talent is key to success; Benefiting our communities. The Mission Statement: Save Money/Live Better (from the website). There is consistency in Sam’s values and Walmart’s stated values today. Walmart built its US operations using a hub and spoke system. The hub (distribution center) supports the spokes (stores). Each wheel was the launch board to the next hub and spoke as a hub could support growth of sufficient stores to build a new hub. Today Walmart has expanded overseas primarily through joint ventures or acquisitions and then built wheels to support the new regions. Additional distribution models such as Remix and the integration of IT systems have been built to streamline ordering, deliveries and drive costs further down the supply chain. Expansion overseas and growth have impacted margins, at least in the international operations, and affected the ability to centrally control the operations and keep the personal relationships between head office and the individual store managers. Porters 5 forces the resource based approach (C. K. Prahad Core Competencies) to firm analysis The External Environment Porters 5 forces can be termed the outside-in approach to industry and firm analysis. The general merchandising industry is very competitive with few to no barriers to entry, buyers can easily switch among many substitute products with cost becoming the primary factor of choice for buyers. The only strength for a merchandiser is the choice among many suppliers. Barriers to new entrants (Low) Few to none Location and min financing Power of Suppliers (HIGH) Little power; many substitutes Power of Buyers (HIGH) Many alternatives; can price compare; customer service is of minimal concern Substitutes (Low) Most products have many substitutes Industry Competitors Intense rivalry; no obvious barriers to entry; suppliers have little power; the only avenue for uniqueness is internal competencies Based on the porters 5 forces analysis, we found the general merchandise industry is not attractive. We need to use a different model to assess Wal-Marts’s competitive advantage The real competitive advantage for any firm is how it uses its resources, but more importantly its capabilities to create competitive advantages over its rivals. The resource based view as â€Å"popularized by C. K. Prahad†¦. ’The Core Competence of the Corporation† will be used to evaluate Wal-Marts core competencies and its ability to leverage these competencies to create a sustained competitive advantage. Walmart’s Resources and capabilities (The internal environment) Tangible resources: 22-24% debt to total assets has remained stable; ability to borrow Their working capital has remained steady at 0. 9 to 1; pay bills as they come due Major investment in fixed assets at 56-58%; stores and fixtures to support sales growth US Super centres: 3022; 629 US discount stores (declining numbers); 611 US Sam’sclubs; 196 US Neibourhood Markets; 5651 International units†¦lots of stores 23% ROE will allow Wal-Mart to easily raise funds in the equity markets Walmart’s financial strength allows it to finance growth without increasing its leverage. Its debt to equity and working capital has remained stable over the past 10 years with little impact from the financial crisis. This, in combination with the industry’s highest return on equity, means Wal-Mart can borrow at a very low weighted (WACC) average cost of capital (interest costs have averaged less than 5% of long-term debt) or raise capital in the stock market at favorable prices. Its major investments are in inventory and fixed assets. The fixed assets are supported by 93% long-term debt and equity financing meaning part of working capital is supported by long-term financing. This is a conservative approach and explains why Wal-Mart was not greatly impacted by the credit crunch brought about by the financial crisis. Intangible resources Founding 5 core principles: small town values; EDLP; community; responsibility; opportunity Proprietary distribution sw systems- satellite RDFI for logistics mgmtand inventory control Links all stores, to system all the way to suppliers; tracks items Own their own satellite; use EDI with suppliers; POS to suppliers for inventory reorders Store layout Growth through Hub and spoke (distribution) system Cross-docking system: minimal warehousing; goods go immediately from dist pts to stores; minimizes costs Customer satisfaction guarantee program; use of greeters EDLP Decentralized store management: layout,pricing, sales strat by dept mgrs. , product mix within store Use of IT to integrate entire value chain Communication and supervision structure keeps stores close to HO Reg VP? 10-15 Dist Mgrs ? 8-12 stores; VP visit stores/no offices; data accum M-th; data anal Fri-sat; decision made Sat; Dist mgrs. Contacted sat for following week Wal-Mart’s founding principles as enshrined in its mission and vision give’s every associate right up to the management team a focus and an understanding of where each component of the value chain. fits in this picture and where each of their jobs and duties lie. There is no doubt, nor is there any drift. Each job has a purpose within Sam’s greater vision. Greeting the customer or stocking what is in demand is all part of the â€Å"Customer Satisfaction Guarantee†. The distribution (RDFI), purchasing (EDI) and sales (POS) systems have been integrated in order to control costs at all parts of the value chain. In effect driving costs back to the suppliers. This singular focus on cost has allowed Wal-Mart to pass this savings to its customers. This has been facilitated by minimizing bottle-necks using cross-docking and REMIX and growth with the hub and spoke strategy including regional mega distribution centers such as Shanghai China to support global growth. Decision making at the customer level has been decentralized to the store level allowing store managers and department managers control over layout, input on pricing and products on the shelf. This allows for EDLP (everyday low pricing) to be competitive at the local level in all regions. The weekly meeting is a hallmark of Wal-Mart. It has been changed to monthly, but the weekly gathering of information to facilitate decisions from the corporate to store level remains. The VPs meet with their district managers who visit all their assigned store managers (stores) gathering the intelligence needed to drive the strategy and the tactics. This information is culled to develop ongoing strategies from supplier acquisition or termination to individual store strategies all to facilitate â€Å"Save more, Live better†. Human Resources Empowered sales associates 94% of employees have health benefits With one year or more of service employees are covered by a pension Pay scale is higher than competitors All store managers from around the world participate in a monthly meeting via satellite (formerly the famous Wal-Mart weekly meetings) Wal-Mart’s employees (or associates) are family. They are your neighbours. Associates are empowered and when deserved, promoted . They are given better than average health benefits and wages. All associates are covered by a pension plan. Associates will someday become the VP’s, district managers and managers. They are Sam’s community to be treated with honour and respect, just the same as the clients. Capabilities Corporate Functions Multi-district mgr/VP coordination worldwide to Benton HO Centralized purchasing from Benton HO Management Info Complete integration of sales, inventory and supplier information through sophisticated IT systems to facilitate managerial decision making Eg. The VP/Dist mgr/Store mgr meetings and data gathering Operations Operational efficiency Centralized and proprietary supply chain system allows Walmart to drive down costs at all stages of the supply chain more efficiently than their competitors Walmart is able to use the capabilities of its EDI, POS and other data systems and combine this with the VP’s weekly info gathering exercise to make weekly managerial decisions. This is more sophisticated and faster than the competitions Store design; layout of aisles; and stocking of shelves benefits from the information capabilities REMIX Program: uses 3rd distribution

Models of Personality and Effect in Organisations

Models of Personality and Effect in Organisations Saarthak Sankalp INDEX Topic (Jump to) Personality Personality Models Predicting Personality with Social Behaviour Importance of Corporate Brand Personality Traits Role of Personality factors in Coping with Organizational Change Challenges and Concerns with Personality Assessment in Indian Context Conclusion Bibliography Personality The work personality is derived from the Latin word persona, which was used to describe the different roles or disguises performed by theatrical performers. Personality can be defined as an individual’s unique characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Gordon Allport defined personality as – â€Å"the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment.† Personality Models Many models have been given by various researchers to analyse the personality. The latest personality models are as follows :- Myers-Briggs Type Index (MBTI) The MBTI is a personality ideal based on Jung’s theory of psychological kinds developed by Briggs and Myers and consists of four dimensions of preferences which are as follows:- Extroversion (E) vs Introversion (I). This dimension gives an insight about the orientation of the individual. Extroverts are said to be more concerned with the practical realities than with the inner thoughts. Introverts, though, gaze more into the inner-self and are pre-occupied with their own thoughts. Sensing (S) vs Intuition (N). Persons who have more sensing dimension rely more on that can be observed and are considered to be bent towards what is real. Persons having more intuitive dimension rely extra on their non-objective and unconscious perceptual processes. Thinking (T) vs Feeling (F). A preference for thinking indicates the individual uses more of logic and rational procedures to make decisions and action. People having more feeling dimension gave more emotional replies to events and give preference to established subjective processes. Judgment (J) vs Perception (P). The judgement-perception preferences were developed to indicate if rational or irrational judgments are dominant after a person is interacting with the environment. In decision making the judgmental person uses both the thinking and feeling, while the sensing and intuition processes are used by the perception people. The Big Five Personality Model The Big Five is the commonly used term for the model of personality which describes the five fundamental factors of our personality. It was defined independently by many researchers based on the factor-analyses of the personality traits. The five traits are commonly referred as OCEAN. The five personality traits are as follows:- Openness to Experience: It is the openness to innovative ideas, new experiences, curiosity, adventure, appreciation for emotions and art. Conscientiousness: Tendency to be coordinated and dependable, display self-discipline, target for attainment, acts dutifully and does not prefer spontaneous behaviour. Extraversion: Affirmative emotions, sociability, assertiveness, energy, talkativeness and the tendency to pursue stimulation. Agreeableness: Traits of a person who is obliging and compassionate rather than dubious and antagonistic towards others. It is additionally a measure of one’s helpful and trusting nature, and whether the person is calm and composed. Neuroticism: It refers to the degree of emotional stability and impulse control in a person. The traits to easily give in to anger, anxiety or depression. Score on all the five factors are used to describe a person’s personality Kolbe Conative Index (KCI) KCI is considered a personality model which is different from MBTI and FIRO-B as it measures instinctive behaviours of an individual that appear while that he/she tries to achieve goals. The KCI classifies the instinctive behaviours into four categories: probing, patterning, innovating and demonstrating. Each category has its corresponding ‘Action Mode’ which are as follows: Fact Finder (FF): Probing instinctive behaviour is given by this action mode. This mode is related to the information gathering. Fact finders are concerned with strategies, research and details. They establish priorities for making decision by collecting and analyzing data. Follow Through (FT): Patterning instinctive behaviour is given by this action mode. This mode is related to structure. People controlled by FT seek structure, and plan and schedules in advance. They react in a sequential manner. Quick Start (QS): Innovating instinctive behaviour is given by this action mode. This mode is related to the way to deal with risk and uncertainty. Quick starters initiate changes, take risk, and they are innovative. Implementor (IMP): Demonstrating instinctive behaviour is given by this action mode. This action mode is related to the way to handle space and tangibles. People having this action mode are good at using space and materials, develop constructs, and easily use hand on equipment. Kolbe Action Modes Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behaviour (FIRO-B) Schutz developed the FIRO-B personality model. The intensity of the interpersonal needs of inclusion (I), control (C), and affection (A) are measured by this model. The individual’s social need of interaction and belongingness is defined as Inclusion. The need for power and influence is defined as Control, and can be related to leadership. The need for intimacy and friendship is defined as Affection. How much each of these three needs can be described into 2 dimensions of expressed (e) or wanted (w). The degree to which one behaves in that way toward others is defined as expressed while the degree to which one wants others to behave that way toward oneself is described as wanted. The FIRO-B model can be explained by the interaction of expressed and wanted dimensions with the three interpersonal needs, resulting in six categories of interpersonal needs as described in the figure below. Each category is measured with a 10 point scale (0-9). FIRO-B Model Latest researches related to Personality The latest researches related to personalities are as follows:- Predicting personality with social behaviour Personality is a trait which influences the behaviour of a person with other people. Social behaviour can give us a good insight about the personality of an individual as they behave showcase a normative (or normal) behaviour in social interactions. To understand this within the scope of a social behaviour, we consider the actions in the following main groups:- Nextwork Bandwidth (NET): The active involvement in the social networks, the time spent there and activity distribution (uniform or bursty). Message Content (MSG): The variety and amount of messages they are sending, whether they are the links or URLs of websites or the forwarded messages etc. Pair Behaviour (PAIR): How they behave with their friends and relatives, the statistical measures of standard deviations and average of various actions across different followers and friends. Reciprocity of actions (REC): Levels to which there actions are reciprocated by their friends. Informativeness (INF): Information that could be gained from the behaviour with the friends, whether there is same type of behaviour with every friend or whether some friends are favoured over others in specific actions. Homophily (HOM): All the previous features computed for the person’s friend to understand her social circle. Importance of Corporate brand personality traits Corporate brands create a particular image in the minds of the customers and other constituents which can help the corporate to differentiate their brand from others. A number of factors will be responsible for the corporate image like the products a company makes, the actions it takes, and the manner in which it communicates to consumers. A new very important component of corporate image is the corporate brand personality. 60 US brands have been examined and are found to fell into the following five main clusters, â€Å"(1) Sincerity, (2) Excitement, (3) Competence, (4) Sophistication and (5) Ruggedness. Corporate Personality Traits Corporate brand personality is defined as how customer perceives a particular brand – characterstics of consumers who are using it. It can be seen as a means for the customer to express what they really expect or want. Corporate brand personality is more about the perception of employees – both the customer facing and the senior management as they constitute the whole organization. It reflects the actions and values of all the employees of the organization. Corporate brand personality of a 21st century business can be grouped into three dimensions which are as follows:- Heart – It consists of two traits: compassionate and passionate. Mind – It consists of two traits: Creative and disciplined. Body – It consists of two traits: Agile and collaborative. Role of Personality factors in coping with organizational change In reference to the research paper written by R. Ravi Kumar, change is inevitable to any organization. Both external and internal factors can bring about changes to an organization. The work environment is affected to a large extent by external factor such as changing expectations about quality, customer satisfaction and new work force demographics. It is also affected by the internal factors such as the mergers and acquisitions, financial constraints and the necessity to improve productivity. Personality plays a very important role in the job performance of an individual when changes in an organization take place. The personality factors which affect the performance are as follows:- Demographic Variables Age – Age has a negative impact on any kind of change in an organization. As the age increases people don’t like change and try to resist it. Education – The level of education has a positive impact on coping with the organization changes. As more educated can handle the uncertainties better and are more ready for new challenges and opportunities. Tenure – It has negative effect on coping with changes in an organization. People who have served longer in any organization resist the change more than a newly joined. Seniority – Employees at higher level understand the importance of change better than the employees at lower level. One important reason for this is that changes are implemented with the active participation of the senior staff. Independent Variables Self Esteem – It is positively associated with coping changes in an organization. Self esteem consists of two major constituents – ‘competence’ and ‘worth’. Individuals with high self esteem handle the adverse conditions better. Optimism – People who are optimistic are able to accept the organizational change better than pessimistic people. They are able to deal with the adversities with more strength and perseverance. Perceived Control – It is the belief that one can determine one’s own internal state and behaviour, influence one’s environment and/or bring about the desired outcomes. Change Self- Efficacy – There is a very little difference between self efficacy and self esteem. People having self efficacy feel confident in adverse situations. Self-efficacy is their perceived ability to handle change in a given situation to function better. Challenges and Concerns with Personality Assessments in Indian Context In the modern business, personality assessments as part of recruitment process have become vital for the selection of the right candidate matching the organizational objectives. They provide inputs which could be used for the 360 degree feedback and to measure their performance in the organization. In entry level roles like sales and customer relationship personnel in finance, banking and insurance sector, personality is a very important discriminator for job-success. So, there is a huge need for these personality assessments. These days many multi- national companies are conducting non-Indian personality solutions for recruitment in India. But there are many challenges faced by these International solutions in Indian context which are as follows:- Problems in understanding English – The level of English in these international personality assessments is quite is high and most of the Indians are not able to comprehend the exact meaning of the words. For example, a typical question will ask a candidate to choose between sympathetic and empathetic. Most of the candidates could not differentiate between these words. Not in context with Indian Population – Many questions are out of context for the Indian population. One of the questions in such an assessment asks whether they would prefer a holiday in Las Vegas. Average Indian does not understand what it means to have a vacation there. Not in context with entry level candidates – The questions in theses assessments pose situations which favour the candidates who have already worked in that area before, which makes it very difficult for an entry level candidate to get selected. No consideration for cultural differences – People in the west use words like ‘Thank you’ and ‘sorry’ much more frequently than Indians. But that doesn’t mean those Indians which don’t use these words that frequently are any less polite. The assessments fail to understand such socio-economic and cultural differences of India. Not much use for recruitment with little validation – Many such inventories being used have not been validated if they are suitable for job recruitment. Also, some of them are very easy to fake in the process. Conclusion Personality gives a very coherent picture of an individual’s psychological behaviour and differences. It also gives an insight about the human nature and the similarities between them. A lot about personality can be perceived from the social behaviour of an individual. In modern business personality plays a very important role in assessing the right candidate for the right job profile. Performance of an individual in any organization is also dependent on his personality traits. Bibliography Ki-Young Jeong, Bozkurt, Ipek, Sunkara, Surya T.(2012). Creative effective project teams using personality models. Northeast Region Decision Sciences Institute (NEDSI) Proceeding, p403-414. Pittenger, David J. (1993). Measuring the MBTI†¦ And coming up short. Journal of Career Planning and Employment, v54 n1 p48-52. Adali, S., Golbeck, J. (2012). Predicting Personality with Social Behavior. Advances in Social Network Analysis and Mining (ASONAM), IEEE/ACM International Conference, p302-309. Keller, Kevin Lane, Richey, Keith. (2006). The importance of corporate brand personality traits to a successful 21st century business. Journal of Brand Management, Vol.14 Issue  ½, p74-81. Young-Ei Kim, Jung-Wan Lee Yong-Ki Lee. (2008). Relationship between Brand Personality and the Personality of Consumers, and its Application to Corporate Branding Strategy, Journal of Global Academy of Marketing Science, 18:3, p27-57 R. Ravi Kumar, T.J. Kamalanabhan. (2005).The role of personality factors in coping with organizational change. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol. 13 Issue 2 p.175 – 192. Aggarwal, Varun. (2009). Challenges and Concerns with International Personality Assessments. Retrieved from the Aspiring Minds website: http://www.aspiringminds.in/docs/challenges_with_international_personality_assessments.pdf Major, Debra A., Turner Jonathan E., Fletcher Thomas D. (2006). Linking Proactive Personality and the Big Five to Motivation to Learn and Development Activity. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 91, No. 4, 927-935.